1 /*
  2     Copyright 2008-2025
  3         Matthias Ehmann,
  4         Michael Gerhaeuser,
  5         Carsten Miller,
  6         Bianca Valentin,
  7         Alfred Wassermann,
  8         Peter Wilfahrt
  9 
 10     This file is part of JSXGraph.
 11 
 12     JSXGraph is free software dual licensed under the GNU LGPL or MIT License.
 13 
 14     You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
 15 
 16       * GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 17         the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 18         (at your option) any later version
 19       OR
 20       * MIT License: https://github.com/jsxgraph/jsxgraph/blob/master/LICENSE.MIT
 21 
 22     JSXGraph is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 23     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 24     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 25     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
 26 
 27     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License and
 28     the MIT License along with JSXGraph. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 29     and <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT/>.
 30  */
 31 /*
 32     Some functionalities in this file were developed as part of a software project
 33     with students. We would like to thank all contributors for their help:
 34 
 35     Winter semester 2023/2024:
 36         Matti Kirchbach
 37  */
 38 
 39 /*global JXG: true, define: true*/
 40 /*jslint nomen: true, plusplus: true*/
 41 
 42 /**
 43  * @fileoverview The geometry object Line is defined in this file. Line stores all
 44  * style and functional properties that are required to draw and move a line on
 45  * a board.
 46  */
 47 
 48 import JXG from "../jxg.js";
 49 import Mat from "../math/math.js";
 50 import Geometry from "../math/geometry.js";
 51 import Numerics from "../math/numerics.js";
 52 import Statistics from "../math/statistics.js";
 53 import Const from "./constants.js";
 54 import Coords from "./coords.js";
 55 import GeometryElement from "./element.js";
 56 import Type from "../utils/type.js";
 57 
 58 /**
 59  * The Line class is a basic class for all kind of line objects, e.g. line, arrow, and axis. It is usually defined by two points and can
 60  * be intersected with some other geometry elements.
 61  * @class Creates a new basic line object. Do not use this constructor to create a line.
 62  * Use {@link JXG.Board#create} with
 63  * type {@link Line}, {@link Arrow}, or {@link Axis} instead.
 64  * @constructor
 65  * @augments JXG.GeometryElement
 66  * @param {String|JXG.Board} board The board the new line is drawn on.
 67  * @param {Point} p1 Startpoint of the line.
 68  * @param {Point} p2 Endpoint of the line.
 69  * @param {Object} attributes Javascript object containing attributes like name, id and colors.
 70  */
 71 JXG.Line = function (board, p1, p2, attributes) {
 72     this.constructor(board, attributes, Const.OBJECT_TYPE_LINE, Const.OBJECT_CLASS_LINE);
 73 
 74     /**
 75      * Startpoint of the line. You really should not set this field directly as it may break JSXGraph's
 76      * update system so your construction won't be updated properly.
 77      * @type JXG.Point
 78      */
 79     this.point1 = this.board.select(p1);
 80 
 81     /**
 82      * Endpoint of the line. Just like {@link JXG.Line.point1} you shouldn't write this field directly.
 83      * @type JXG.Point
 84      */
 85     this.point2 = this.board.select(p2);
 86 
 87     /**
 88      * Array of ticks storing all the ticks on this line. Do not set this field directly and use
 89      * {@link JXG.Line#addTicks} and {@link JXG.Line#removeTicks} to add and remove ticks to and from the line.
 90      * @type Array
 91      * @see JXG.Ticks
 92      */
 93     this.ticks = [];
 94 
 95     /**
 96      * Reference of the ticks created automatically when constructing an axis.
 97      * @type JXG.Ticks
 98      * @see JXG.Ticks
 99      */
100     this.defaultTicks = null;
101 
102     /**
103      * If the line is the border of a polygon, the polygon object is stored, otherwise null.
104      * @type JXG.Polygon
105      * @default null
106      * @private
107      */
108     this.parentPolygon = null;
109 
110     /* Register line at board */
111     this.id = this.board.setId(this, 'L');
112     this.board.renderer.drawLine(this);
113     this.board.finalizeAdding(this);
114 
115     this.elType = 'line';
116 
117     /* Add line as child to defining points */
118     if (this.point1._is_new) {
119         this.addChild(this.point1);
120         delete this.point1._is_new;
121     } else {
122         this.point1.addChild(this);
123     }
124     if (this.point2._is_new) {
125         this.addChild(this.point2);
126         delete this.point2._is_new;
127     } else {
128         this.point2.addChild(this);
129     }
130 
131     this.inherits.push(this.point1, this.point2);
132 
133     this.updateStdform(); // This is needed in the following situation:
134     // * the line is defined by three coordinates
135     // * and it will have a glider
136     // * and board.suspendUpdate() has been called.
137 
138     // create Label
139     this.createLabel();
140 
141     this.methodMap = JXG.deepCopy(this.methodMap, {
142         point1: "point1",
143         point2: "point2",
144         getSlope: "Slope",
145         Slope: "Slope",
146         Direction: "Direction",
147         getRise: "getRise",
148         Rise: "getRise",
149         getYIntersect: "getRise",
150         YIntersect: "getRise",
151         getAngle: "getAngle",
152         Angle: "getAngle",
153         L: "L",
154         length: "L",
155         setFixedLength: "setFixedLength",
156         setStraight: "setStraight"
157     });
158 };
159 
160 JXG.Line.prototype = new GeometryElement();
161 
162 JXG.extend(
163     JXG.Line.prototype,
164     /** @lends JXG.Line.prototype */ {
165         /**
166          * Checks whether (x,y) is near the line.
167          * @param {Number} x Coordinate in x direction, screen coordinates.
168          * @param {Number} y Coordinate in y direction, screen coordinates.
169          * @returns {Boolean} True if (x,y) is near the line, False otherwise.
170          */
171         hasPoint: function (x, y) {
172             // Compute the stdform of the line in screen coordinates.
173             var c = [],
174                 v = [1, x, y],
175                 s, vnew, p1c, p2c, d, pos, i, prec, type,
176                 sw = this.evalVisProp('strokewidth');
177 
178             if (Type.isObject(this.evalVisProp('precision'))) {
179                 type = this.board._inputDevice;
180                 prec = this.evalVisProp('precision.' + type);
181             } else {
182                 // 'inherit'
183                 prec = this.board.options.precision.hasPoint;
184             }
185             prec += sw * 0.5;
186 
187             c[0] =
188                 this.stdform[0] -
189                 (this.stdform[1] * this.board.origin.scrCoords[1]) / this.board.unitX +
190                 (this.stdform[2] * this.board.origin.scrCoords[2]) / this.board.unitY;
191             c[1] = this.stdform[1] / this.board.unitX;
192             c[2] = this.stdform[2] / -this.board.unitY;
193 
194             s = Geometry.distPointLine(v, c);
195             if (isNaN(s) || s > prec) {
196                 return false;
197             }
198 
199             if (
200                 this.evalVisProp('straightfirst') &&
201                 this.evalVisProp('straightlast')
202             ) {
203                 return true;
204             }
205 
206             // If the line is a ray or segment we have to check if the projected point is between P1 and P2.
207             p1c = this.point1.coords;
208             p2c = this.point2.coords;
209 
210             // Project the point orthogonally onto the line
211             vnew = [0, c[1], c[2]];
212             // Orthogonal line to c through v
213             vnew = Mat.crossProduct(vnew, v);
214             // Intersect orthogonal line with line
215             vnew = Mat.crossProduct(vnew, c);
216 
217             // Normalize the projected point
218             vnew[1] /= vnew[0];
219             vnew[2] /= vnew[0];
220             vnew[0] = 1;
221 
222             vnew = new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN, vnew.slice(1), this.board).usrCoords;
223             d = p1c.distance(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, p2c);
224             p1c = p1c.usrCoords.slice(0);
225             p2c = p2c.usrCoords.slice(0);
226 
227             // The defining points are identical
228             if (d < Mat.eps) {
229                 pos = 0;
230             } else {
231                 /*
232                  * Handle the cases, where one of the defining points is an ideal point.
233                  * d is set to something close to infinity, namely 1/eps.
234                  * The ideal point is (temporarily) replaced by a finite point which has
235                  * distance d from the other point.
236                  * This is accomplished by extracting the x- and y-coordinates (x,y)=:v of the ideal point.
237                  * v determines the direction of the line. v is normalized, i.e. set to length 1 by dividing through its length.
238                  * Finally, the new point is the sum of the other point and v*d.
239                  *
240                  */
241 
242                 // At least one point is an ideal point
243                 if (d === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
244                     d = 1 / Mat.eps;
245 
246                     // The second point is an ideal point
247                     if (Math.abs(p2c[0]) < Mat.eps) {
248                         d /= Geometry.distance([0, 0, 0], p2c);
249                         p2c = [1, p1c[1] + p2c[1] * d, p1c[2] + p2c[2] * d];
250                         // The first point is an ideal point
251                     } else {
252                         d /= Geometry.distance([0, 0, 0], p1c);
253                         p1c = [1, p2c[1] + p1c[1] * d, p2c[2] + p1c[2] * d];
254                     }
255                 }
256                 i = 1;
257                 d = p2c[i] - p1c[i];
258 
259                 if (Math.abs(d) < Mat.eps) {
260                     i = 2;
261                     d = p2c[i] - p1c[i];
262                 }
263                 pos = (vnew[i] - p1c[i]) / d;
264             }
265 
266             if (!this.evalVisProp('straightfirst') && pos < 0) {
267                 return false;
268             }
269 
270             return !(!this.evalVisProp('straightlast') && pos > 1);
271         },
272 
273         // documented in base/element
274         update: function () {
275             var funps;
276 
277             if (!this.needsUpdate) {
278                 return this;
279             }
280 
281             if (this.constrained) {
282                 if (Type.isFunction(this.funps)) {
283                     funps = this.funps();
284                     if (funps && funps.length && funps.length === 2) {
285                         this.point1 = funps[0];
286                         this.point2 = funps[1];
287                     }
288                 } else {
289                     if (Type.isFunction(this.funp1)) {
290                         funps = this.funp1();
291                         if (Type.isPoint(funps)) {
292                             this.point1 = funps;
293                         } else if (funps && funps.length && funps.length === 2) {
294                             this.point1.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, funps);
295                         }
296                     }
297 
298                     if (Type.isFunction(this.funp2)) {
299                         funps = this.funp2();
300                         if (Type.isPoint(funps)) {
301                             this.point2 = funps;
302                         } else if (funps && funps.length && funps.length === 2) {
303                             this.point2.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, funps);
304                         }
305                     }
306                 }
307             }
308 
309             this.updateSegmentFixedLength();
310             this.updateStdform();
311 
312             if (this.evalVisProp('trace')) {
313                 this.cloneToBackground(true);
314             }
315 
316             return this;
317         },
318 
319         /**
320          * Update segments with fixed length and at least one movable point.
321          * @private
322          */
323         updateSegmentFixedLength: function () {
324             var d, d_new, d1, d2, drag1, drag2, x, y;
325 
326             if (!this.hasFixedLength) {
327                 return this;
328             }
329 
330             // Compute the actual length of the segment
331             d = this.point1.Dist(this.point2);
332             // Determine the length the segment ought to have
333             d_new = (this.evalVisProp('nonnegativeonly')) ?
334                 Math.max(0.0, this.fixedLength()) :
335                 Math.abs(this.fixedLength());
336 
337             // Distances between the two points and their respective
338             // position before the update
339             d1 = this.fixedLengthOldCoords[0].distance(
340                 Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
341                 this.point1.coords
342             );
343             d2 = this.fixedLengthOldCoords[1].distance(
344                 Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
345                 this.point2.coords
346             );
347 
348             // If the position of the points or the fixed length function has been changed we have to work.
349             if (d1 > Mat.eps || d2 > Mat.eps || d !== d_new) {
350                 drag1 =
351                     this.point1.isDraggable &&
352                     this.point1.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER &&
353                     !this.point1.evalVisProp('fixed');
354                 drag2 =
355                     this.point2.isDraggable &&
356                     this.point2.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER &&
357                     !this.point2.evalVisProp('fixed');
358 
359                 // First case: the two points are different
360                 // Then we try to adapt the point that was not dragged
361                 // If this point can not be moved (e.g. because it is a glider)
362                 // we try move the other point
363                 if (d > Mat.eps) {
364                     if ((d1 > d2 && drag2) || (d1 <= d2 && drag2 && !drag1)) {
365                         this.point2.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, [
366                             this.point1.X() + ((this.point2.X() - this.point1.X()) * d_new) / d,
367                             this.point1.Y() + ((this.point2.Y() - this.point1.Y()) * d_new) / d
368                         ]);
369                         this.point2.fullUpdate();
370                     } else if ((d1 <= d2 && drag1) || (d1 > d2 && drag1 && !drag2)) {
371                         this.point1.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, [
372                             this.point2.X() + ((this.point1.X() - this.point2.X()) * d_new) / d,
373                             this.point2.Y() + ((this.point1.Y() - this.point2.Y()) * d_new) / d
374                         ]);
375                         this.point1.fullUpdate();
376                     }
377                     // Second case: the two points are identical. In this situation
378                     // we choose a random direction.
379                 } else {
380                     x = Math.random() - 0.5;
381                     y = Math.random() - 0.5;
382                     d = Mat.hypot(x, y);
383 
384                     if (drag2) {
385                         this.point2.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, [
386                             this.point1.X() + (x * d_new) / d,
387                             this.point1.Y() + (y * d_new) / d
388                         ]);
389                         this.point2.fullUpdate();
390                     } else if (drag1) {
391                         this.point1.setPositionDirectly(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, [
392                             this.point2.X() + (x * d_new) / d,
393                             this.point2.Y() + (y * d_new) / d
394                         ]);
395                         this.point1.fullUpdate();
396                     }
397                 }
398                 // Finally, we save the position of the two points.
399                 this.fixedLengthOldCoords[0].setCoordinates(
400                     Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
401                     this.point1.coords.usrCoords
402                 );
403                 this.fixedLengthOldCoords[1].setCoordinates(
404                     Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
405                     this.point2.coords.usrCoords
406                 );
407             }
408 
409             return this;
410         },
411 
412         /**
413          * Updates the stdform derived from the parent point positions.
414          * @private
415          */
416         updateStdform: function () {
417             var v = Mat.crossProduct(
418                 this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
419                 this.point2.coords.usrCoords
420             );
421 
422             this.stdform[0] = v[0];
423             this.stdform[1] = v[1];
424             this.stdform[2] = v[2];
425             this.stdform[3] = 0;
426 
427             this.normalize();
428         },
429 
430         /**
431          * Uses the boards renderer to update the line.
432          * @private
433          */
434         updateRenderer: function () {
435             //var wasReal;
436 
437             if (!this.needsUpdate) {
438                 return this;
439             }
440 
441             if (this.visPropCalc.visible) {
442                 // wasReal = this.isReal;
443                 this.isReal =
444                     !isNaN(
445                         this.point1.coords.usrCoords[1] +
446                         this.point1.coords.usrCoords[2] +
447                         this.point2.coords.usrCoords[1] +
448                         this.point2.coords.usrCoords[2]
449                     ) && Mat.innerProduct(this.stdform, this.stdform, 3) >= Mat.eps * Mat.eps;
450 
451                 if (
452                     //wasReal &&
453                     !this.isReal
454                 ) {
455                     this.updateVisibility(false);
456                 }
457             }
458 
459             if (this.visPropCalc.visible) {
460                 this.board.renderer.updateLine(this);
461             }
462 
463             /* Update the label if visible. */
464             if (
465                 this.hasLabel &&
466                 this.visPropCalc.visible &&
467                 this.label &&
468                 this.label.visPropCalc.visible &&
469                 this.isReal
470             ) {
471                 this.label.update();
472                 this.board.renderer.updateText(this.label);
473             }
474 
475             // Update rendNode display
476             this.setDisplayRendNode();
477 
478             this.needsUpdate = false;
479             return this;
480         },
481 
482         // /**
483         //  * Used to generate a polynomial for a point p that lies on this line, i.e. p is collinear to
484         //  * {@link JXG.Line#point1} and {@link JXG.Line#point2}.
485         //  *
486         //  * @param {JXG.Point} p The point for that the polynomial is generated.
487         //  * @returns {Array} An array containing the generated polynomial.
488         //  * @private
489         //  */
490         generatePolynomial: function (p) {
491             var u1 = this.point1.symbolic.x,
492                 u2 = this.point1.symbolic.y,
493                 v1 = this.point2.symbolic.x,
494                 v2 = this.point2.symbolic.y,
495                 w1 = p.symbolic.x,
496                 w2 = p.symbolic.y;
497 
498             /*
499              * The polynomial in this case is determined by three points being collinear:
500              *
501              *      U (u1,u2)      W (w1,w2)                V (v1,v2)
502              *  ----x--------------x------------------------x----------------
503              *
504              *  The collinearity condition is
505              *
506              *      u2-w2       w2-v2
507              *     -------  =  -------           (1)
508              *      u1-w1       w1-v1
509              *
510              * Multiplying (1) with denominators and simplifying is
511              *
512              *    u2w1 - u2v1 + w2v1 - u1w2 + u1v2 - w1v2 = 0
513              */
514 
515             return [
516                 [
517                     "(", u2, ")*(", w1, ")-(", u2, ")*(", v1, ")+(", w2, ")*(", v1, ")-(", u1, ")*(", w2, ")+(", u1, ")*(", v2, ")-(", w1, ")*(", v2, ")"
518                 ].join("")
519             ];
520         },
521 
522         /**
523          * Calculates the y intersect of the line.
524          * @returns {Number} The y intersect.
525          */
526         getRise: function () {
527             if (Math.abs(this.stdform[2]) >= Mat.eps) {
528                 return -this.stdform[0] / this.stdform[2];
529             }
530 
531             return Infinity;
532         },
533 
534         /**
535          * Calculates the slope of the line.
536          * @returns {Number} The slope of the line or Infinity if the line is parallel to the y-axis.
537          */
538         Slope: function () {
539             if (Math.abs(this.stdform[2]) >= Mat.eps) {
540                 return -this.stdform[1] / this.stdform[2];
541             }
542 
543             return Infinity;
544         },
545 
546         /**
547          * Alias for line.Slope
548          * @returns {Number} The slope of the line or Infinity if the line is parallel to the y-axis.
549          * @deprecated
550          * @see Line#Slope
551          */
552         getSlope: function () {
553             return this.Slope();
554         },
555 
556         /**
557          * Determines the angle between the positive x axis and the line.
558          * @returns {Number}
559          */
560         getAngle: function () {
561             return Math.atan2(-this.stdform[1], this.stdform[2]);
562         },
563 
564         /**
565          * Returns the direction vector of the line. This is an array of length two
566          * containing the direction vector as [x, y]. It is defined as
567          *  <li> the difference of the x- and y-coordinate of the second and first point, in case both points are finite or both points are infinite.
568          *  <li> [x, y] coordinates of point2, in case only point2 is infinite.
569          *  <li> [-x, -y] coordinates of point1, in case only point1 is infinite.
570          * @function
571          * @returns {Array} of length 2.
572          */
573         Direction: function () {
574             var coords1 = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
575                 coords2 = this.point2.coords.usrCoords;
576 
577             if (coords2[0] === 0 && coords1[0] !== 0) {
578                 return coords2.slice(1);
579             }
580 
581             if (coords1[0] === 0 && coords2[0] !== 0) {
582                 return [-coords1[1], -coords1[2]];
583             }
584 
585             return [
586                 coords2[1] - coords1[1],
587                 coords2[2] - coords1[2]
588             ];
589         },
590 
591         /**
592          * Returns true, if the line is vertical (if the x coordinate of the direction vector is 0).
593          * @function
594          * @returns {Boolean}
595          */
596         isVertical: function () {
597             var dir = this.Direction();
598             return dir[0] === 0 && dir[1] !== 0;
599         },
600 
601         /**
602          * Returns true, if the line is horizontal (if the y coordinate of the direction vector is 0).
603          * @function
604          * @returns {Boolean}
605          */
606         isHorizontal: function () {
607             var dir = this.Direction();
608             return dir[1] === 0 && dir[0] !== 0;
609         },
610 
611         /**
612          * Determines whether the line is drawn beyond {@link JXG.Line#point1} and
613          * {@link JXG.Line#point2} and updates the line.
614          * @param {Boolean} straightFirst True if the Line shall be drawn beyond
615          * {@link JXG.Line#point1}, false otherwise.
616          * @param {Boolean} straightLast True if the Line shall be drawn beyond
617          * {@link JXG.Line#point2}, false otherwise.
618          * @see Line#straightFirst
619          * @see Line#straightLast
620          * @private
621          */
622         setStraight: function (straightFirst, straightLast) {
623             this.visProp.straightfirst = straightFirst;
624             this.visProp.straightlast = straightLast;
625 
626             this.board.renderer.updateLine(this);
627             return this;
628         },
629 
630         // documented in geometry element
631         getTextAnchor: function () {
632             return new Coords(
633                 Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
634                 [
635                     0.5 * (this.point2.X() + this.point1.X()),
636                     0.5 * (this.point2.Y() + this.point1.Y())
637                 ],
638                 this.board
639             );
640         },
641 
642         /**
643          * Adjusts Label coords relative to Anchor. DESCRIPTION
644          * @private
645          */
646         setLabelRelativeCoords: function (relCoords) {
647             if (Type.exists(this.label)) {
648                 this.label.relativeCoords = new Coords(
649                     Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN,
650                     [relCoords[0], -relCoords[1]],
651                     this.board
652                 );
653             }
654         },
655 
656         // documented in geometry element
657         getLabelAnchor: function () {
658             var x, y, pos,
659                 xy, lbda, dx, dy, d,
660                 dist = 1.5,
661                 fs = 0,
662                 c1 = new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, this.point1.coords.usrCoords, this.board),
663                 c2 = new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_USER, this.point2.coords.usrCoords, this.board),
664                 ev_sf = this.evalVisProp('straightfirst'),
665                 ev_sl = this.evalVisProp('straightlast');
666 
667             if (ev_sf || ev_sl) {
668                 Geometry.calcStraight(this, c1, c2, 0);
669             }
670 
671             c1 = c1.scrCoords;
672             c2 = c2.scrCoords;
673 
674             if (!Type.exists(this.label)) {
675                 return new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN, [NaN, NaN], this.board);
676             }
677 
678             pos = this.label.evalVisProp('position');
679             if (!Type.isString(pos)) {
680                 return new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN, [NaN, NaN], this.board);
681             }
682 
683             if (pos.indexOf('right') < 0 && pos.indexOf('left') < 0) {
684                 // Old positioning commands
685                 switch (pos) {
686                     case 'last':
687                         x = c2[1];
688                         y = c2[2];
689                         break;
690                     case 'first':
691                         x = c1[1];
692                         y = c1[2];
693                         break;
694                     case "lft":
695                     case "llft":
696                     case "ulft":
697                         if (c1[1] < c2[1] + Mat.eps) {
698                             x = c1[1];
699                             y = c1[2];
700                         } else {
701                             x = c2[1];
702                             y = c2[2];
703                         }
704                         break;
705                     case "rt":
706                     case "lrt":
707                     case "urt":
708                         if (c1[1] > c2[1] + Mat.eps) {
709                             x = c1[1];
710                             y = c1[2];
711                         } else {
712                             x = c2[1];
713                             y = c2[2];
714                         }
715                         break;
716                     default:
717                         x = 0.5 * (c1[1] + c2[1]);
718                         y = 0.5 * (c1[2] + c2[2]);
719                 }
720             } else {
721                 // New positioning
722                 xy = Type.parsePosition(pos);
723                 lbda = Type.parseNumber(xy.pos, 1, 1);
724 
725                 dx = c2[1] - c1[1];
726                 dy = c2[2] - c1[2];
727                 d = Mat.hypot(dx, dy);
728 
729                 if (xy.pos.indexOf('px') >= 0 ||
730                     xy.pos.indexOf('fr') >= 0 ||
731                     xy.pos.indexOf('%') >= 0) {
732                     // lbda is interpreted in screen coords
733 
734                     if (xy.pos.indexOf('px') >= 0) {
735                         // Pixel values are supported
736                         lbda /= d;
737                     }
738 
739                     // Position along the line
740                     x = c1[1] + lbda * dx;
741                     y = c1[2] + lbda * dy;
742                 } else {
743                     // lbda is given as number or as a number string
744                     // Then, lbda is interpreted in user coords
745                     x = c1[1] + lbda * this.board.unitX * dx / d;
746                     y = c1[2] + lbda * this.board.unitY * dy / d;
747                 }
748 
749                 // Position left or right
750                 if (xy.side === 'left') {
751                     dx *= -1;
752                 } else {
753                     dy *= -1;
754                 }
755                 if (Type.exists(this.label)) {
756                     dist = 0.5 * this.label.evalVisProp('distance') / d;
757                 }
758                 x += dy * this.label.size[0] * dist;
759                 y += dx * this.label.size[1] * dist;
760             }
761 
762             // Correct coordinates if the label seems to be outside of canvas.
763             if (ev_sf || ev_sl) {
764                 if (Type.exists(this.label)) {
765                     // Does not exist during createLabel
766                     fs = this.label.evalVisProp('fontsize');
767                 }
768 
769                 if (Math.abs(x) < Mat.eps) {
770                     x = fs;
771                 } else if (
772                     this.board.canvasWidth + Mat.eps > x &&
773                     x > this.board.canvasWidth - fs - Mat.eps
774                 ) {
775                     x = this.board.canvasWidth - fs;
776                 }
777 
778                 if (Mat.eps + fs > y && y > -Mat.eps) {
779                     y = fs;
780                 } else if (
781                     this.board.canvasHeight + Mat.eps > y &&
782                     y > this.board.canvasHeight - fs - Mat.eps
783                 ) {
784                     y = this.board.canvasHeight - fs;
785                 }
786             }
787 
788             return new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN, [x, y], this.board);
789         },
790 
791         // documented in geometry element
792         cloneToBackground: function () {
793             var copy = Type.getCloneObject(this),
794                 r, s,
795                 er;
796 
797             copy.point1 = this.point1;
798             copy.point2 = this.point2;
799             copy.stdform = this.stdform;
800 
801             s = this.getSlope();
802             r = this.getRise();
803             copy.getSlope = function () {
804                 return s;
805             };
806             copy.getRise = function () {
807                 return r;
808             };
809 
810             er = this.board.renderer.enhancedRendering;
811             this.board.renderer.enhancedRendering = true;
812             this.board.renderer.drawLine(copy);
813             this.board.renderer.enhancedRendering = er;
814             this.traces[copy.id] = copy.rendNode;
815 
816             return this;
817         },
818 
819         /**
820          * Add transformations to this line.
821          * @param {JXG.Transformation|Array} transform Either one {@link JXG.Transformation} or an array of
822          * {@link JXG.Transformation}s.
823          * @returns {JXG.Line} Reference to this line object.
824          */
825         addTransform: function (transform) {
826             var i,
827                 list = Type.isArray(transform) ? transform : [transform],
828                 len = list.length;
829 
830             for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
831                 this.point1.transformations.push(list[i]);
832                 this.point2.transformations.push(list[i]);
833             }
834 
835             // Why not like this?
836             // The difference is in setting baseElement
837             // var list = Type.isArray(transform) ? transform : [transform];
838             // this.point1.addTransform(this, list);
839             // this.point2.addTransform(this, list);
840 
841             return this;
842         },
843 
844         // see GeometryElement.js
845         snapToGrid: function (pos) {
846             var c1, c2, dc, t, ticks, x, y, sX, sY;
847 
848             if (this.evalVisProp('snaptogrid')) {
849                 if (this.parents.length < 3) {
850                     // Line through two points
851                     this.point1.handleSnapToGrid(true, true);
852                     this.point2.handleSnapToGrid(true, true);
853                 } else if (Type.exists(pos)) {
854                     // Free line
855                     sX = this.evalVisProp('snapsizex');
856                     sY = this.evalVisProp('snapsizey');
857 
858                     c1 = new Coords(Const.COORDS_BY_SCREEN, [pos.Xprev, pos.Yprev], this.board);
859 
860                     x = c1.usrCoords[1];
861                     y = c1.usrCoords[2];
862 
863                     if (
864                         sX <= 0 &&
865                         this.board.defaultAxes &&
866                         this.board.defaultAxes.x.defaultTicks
867                     ) {
868                         ticks = this.board.defaultAxes.x.defaultTicks;
869                         sX = ticks.ticksDelta * (ticks.evalVisProp('minorticks') + 1);
870                     }
871                     if (
872                         sY <= 0 &&
873                         this.board.defaultAxes &&
874                         this.board.defaultAxes.y.defaultTicks
875                     ) {
876                         ticks = this.board.defaultAxes.y.defaultTicks;
877                         sY = ticks.ticksDelta * (ticks.evalVisProp('minorticks') + 1);
878                     }
879 
880                     // if no valid snap sizes are available, don't change the coords.
881                     if (sX > 0 && sY > 0) {
882                         // projectCoordsToLine
883                         /*
884                         v = [0, this.stdform[1], this.stdform[2]];
885                         v = Mat.crossProduct(v, c1.usrCoords);
886                         c2 = Geometry.meetLineLine(v, this.stdform, 0, this.board);
887                         */
888                         c2 = Geometry.projectPointToLine({ coords: c1 }, this, this.board);
889 
890                         dc = Statistics.subtract(
891                             [1, Math.round(x / sX) * sX, Math.round(y / sY) * sY],
892                             c2.usrCoords
893                         );
894                         t = this.board.create("transform", dc.slice(1), {
895                             type: "translate"
896                         });
897                         t.applyOnce([this.point1, this.point2]);
898                     }
899                 }
900             } else {
901                 this.point1.handleSnapToGrid(false, true);
902                 this.point2.handleSnapToGrid(false, true);
903             }
904 
905             return this;
906         },
907 
908         // see element.js
909         snapToPoints: function () {
910             var forceIt = this.evalVisProp('snaptopoints');
911 
912             if (this.parents.length < 3) {
913                 // Line through two points
914                 this.point1.handleSnapToPoints(forceIt);
915                 this.point2.handleSnapToPoints(forceIt);
916             }
917 
918             return this;
919         },
920 
921         /**
922          * Treat the line as parametric curve in homogeneous coordinates, where the parameter t runs from 0 to 1.
923          * First we transform the interval [0,1] to [-1,1].
924          * If the line has homogeneous coordinates [c, a, b] = stdform[] then the direction of the line is [b, -a].
925          * Now, we take one finite point that defines the line, i.e. we take either point1 or point2
926          * (in case the line is not the ideal line).
927          * Let the coordinates of that point be [z, x, y].
928          * Then, the curve runs linearly from
929          * [0, b, -a] (t=-1) to [z, x, y] (t=0)
930          * and
931          * [z, x, y] (t=0) to [0, -b, a] (t=1)
932          *
933          * @param {Number} t Parameter running from 0 to 1.
934          * @returns {Number} X(t) x-coordinate of the line treated as parametric curve.
935          * */
936         X: function (t) {
937             // var x,
938             //     c = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
939             //     b = this.stdform[2];
940 
941             // x = (Math.abs(c[0]) > Mat.eps) ? c[1] : c[1];
942             // t = (t - 0.5) * 2;
943 
944             // return (1 - Math.abs(t)) * x - t * b;
945 
946             var c1 = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
947                 c2 = this.point2.coords.usrCoords,
948                 b = this.stdform[2];
949 
950             if (c1[0] !== 0) {
951                 if (c2[0] !== 0) {
952                     return c1[1] + (c2[1] - c1[1]) * t;
953                 } else {
954                     return c1[1] + b * 1.e5 * t;
955                 }
956             } else {
957                 if (c1[0] !== 0) {
958                     return c2[1] - (c1[1] - c2[1]) * t;
959                 } else {
960                     return c2[1] + b * 1.e5 * t;
961                 }
962             }
963         },
964 
965         /**
966          * Treat the line as parametric curve in homogeneous coordinates.
967          * See {@link JXG.Line#X} for a detailed description.
968          * @param {Number} t Parameter running from 0 to 1.
969          * @returns {Number} Y(t) y-coordinate of the line treated as parametric curve.
970          * @see Line#X
971          */
972         Y: function (t) {
973             // var y,
974             //     c = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
975             //     a = this.stdform[1];
976 
977             // y = (Math.abs(c[0]) > Mat.eps) ? c[2] : c[2];
978             // t = (t - 0.5) * 2;
979 
980             // return (1 - Math.abs(t)) * y + t * a;
981 
982             var c1 = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
983                 c2 = this.point2.coords.usrCoords,
984                 a = this.stdform[1];
985 
986             if (c1[0] !== 0) {
987                 if (c2[0] !== 0) {
988                     return c1[2] + (c2[2] - c1[2]) * t;
989                 } else {
990                     return c1[2] - a * 1.e5 * t;
991                 }
992             } else {
993                 if (c1[0] !== 0) {
994                     return c2[2] - (c1[2] - c2[2]) * t;
995                 } else {
996                     return c2[2] - a * 1.e5 * t;
997                 }
998             }
999         },
1000 
1001         /**
1002          * Treat the line as parametric curve in homogeneous coordinates.
1003          * See {@link JXG.Line#X} for a detailed description.
1004          *
1005          * @param {Number} t Parameter running from 0 to 1.
1006          * @returns {Number} Z(t) z-coordinate of the line treated as parametric curve.
1007          * @see Line#Z
1008          */
1009         Z: function (t) {
1010             // var z,
1011             //     c = this.point1.coords.usrCoords;
1012 
1013             // z = (Math.abs(c[0]) > Mat.eps) ? c[0] : c[0];
1014             // t = (t - 0.5) * 2;
1015 
1016             // return (1 - Math.abs(t)) * z;
1017 
1018             var c1 = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
1019                 c2 = this.point2.coords.usrCoords;
1020 
1021             if (t === 1 && c1[0] * c2[0] === 0) {
1022                 return 0;
1023             }
1024             return 1;
1025         },
1026 
1027         /**
1028          * Return the homogeneous coordinates of the line treated as curve at t - including all transformations
1029          * applied to the curve.
1030          * @param {Number} t A number
1031          * @returns {Array} [Z(t), X(t), Y(t)]
1032          * @see Line#X
1033          */
1034         Ft: function(t) {
1035             var c = [this.Z(t), this.X(t), this.Y(t)];
1036             c[1] /= c[0];
1037             c[2] /= c[0];
1038             c[0] /= c[0];
1039             // c[0] = 1;
1040             // c[1] = t;
1041             // c[2] = 3;
1042 
1043             return c;
1044         },
1045 
1046         /**
1047          * The distance between the two points defining the line.
1048          * @returns {Number}
1049          */
1050         L: function () {
1051             return this.point1.Dist(this.point2);
1052         },
1053 
1054         /**
1055          * Set a new fixed length, then update the board.
1056          * @param {String|Number|function} l A string, function or number describing the new length.
1057          * @returns {JXG.Line} Reference to this line
1058          */
1059         setFixedLength: function (l) {
1060             if (!this.hasFixedLength) {
1061                 return this;
1062             }
1063 
1064             this.fixedLength = Type.createFunction(l, this.board);
1065             this.hasFixedLength = true;
1066             this.addParentsFromJCFunctions([this.fixedLength]);
1067             this.board.update();
1068 
1069             return this;
1070         },
1071 
1072         /**
1073          * Treat the element  as a parametric curve
1074          * @private
1075          */
1076         minX: function () {
1077             return 0.0;
1078         },
1079 
1080         /**
1081          * Treat the element as parametric curve
1082          * @private
1083          */
1084         maxX: function () {
1085             return 1.0;
1086         },
1087 
1088         // documented in geometry element
1089         bounds: function () {
1090             var p1c = this.point1.coords.usrCoords,
1091                 p2c = this.point2.coords.usrCoords;
1092 
1093             return [
1094                 Math.min(p1c[1], p2c[1]),
1095                 Math.max(p1c[2], p2c[2]),
1096                 Math.max(p1c[1], p2c[1]),
1097                 Math.min(p1c[2], p2c[2])
1098             ];
1099         },
1100 
1101         // documented in GeometryElement.js
1102         remove: function () {
1103             this.removeAllTicks();
1104             GeometryElement.prototype.remove.call(this);
1105         }
1106 
1107         // hideElement: function () {
1108         //     var i;
1109         //
1110         //     GeometryElement.prototype.hideElement.call(this);
1111         //
1112         //     for (i = 0; i < this.ticks.length; i++) {
1113         //         this.ticks[i].hideElement();
1114         //     }
1115         // },
1116         //
1117         // showElement: function () {
1118         //     var i;
1119         //     GeometryElement.prototype.showElement.call(this);
1120         //
1121         //     for (i = 0; i < this.ticks.length; i++) {
1122         //         this.ticks[i].showElement();
1123         //     }
1124         // }
1125 
1126     }
1127 );
1128 
1129 /**
1130  * @class A general line is given by two points or three coordinates.
1131  * By setting additional properties a line can be used as an arrow and/or axis.
1132  * @pseudo
1133  * @name Line
1134  * @augments JXG.Line
1135  * @constructor
1136  * @type JXG.Line
1137  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
1138  * @param {JXG.Point,array,function_JXG.Point,array,function} point1,point2 Parent elements can be two elements either of type {@link JXG.Point} or array of
1139  * numbers describing the coordinates of a point. In the latter case the point will be constructed automatically as a fixed invisible point.
1140  * It is possible to provide a function returning an array or a point, instead of providing an array or a point.
1141  * @param {Number,function_Number,function_Number,function} a,b,c A line can also be created providing three numbers. The line is then described by
1142  * the set of solutions of the equation <tt>a*z+b*x+c*y = 0</tt>. For all finite points, z is normalized to the value 1.
1143  * It is possible to provide three functions returning numbers, too.
1144  * @param {function} f This function must return an array containing three numbers forming the line's homogeneous coordinates.
1145  * <p>
1146  * Additionally, a line can be created by providing a line and a transformation (or an array of transformations).
1147  * Then, the result is a line which is the transformation of the supplied line.
1148  * @example
1149  * // Create a line using point and coordinates/
1150  * // The second point will be fixed and invisible.
1151  * var p1 = board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1152  * var l1 = board.create('line', [p1, [1.0, 1.0]]);
1153  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXGc0ae3461-10c4-4d39-b9be-81d74759d122" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1154  * <script type="text/javascript">
1155  *   var glex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXGc0ae3461-10c4-4d39-b9be-81d74759d122', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1156  *   var glex1_p1 = glex1_board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1157  *   var glex1_l1 = glex1_board.create('line', [glex1_p1, [1.0, 1.0]]);
1158  * </script><pre>
1159  * @example
1160  * // Create a line using three coordinates
1161  * var l1 = board.create('line', [1.0, -2.0, 3.0]);
1162  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXGcf45e462-f964-4ba4-be3a-c9db94e2593f" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1163  * <script type="text/javascript">
1164  *   var glex2_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXGcf45e462-f964-4ba4-be3a-c9db94e2593f', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1165  *   var glex2_l1 = glex2_board.create('line', [1.0, -2.0, 3.0]);
1166  * </script><pre>
1167  * @example
1168  *         // Create a line (l2) as reflection of another line (l1)
1169  *         // reflection line
1170  *         var li = board.create('line', [1,1,1], {strokeColor: '#aaaaaa'});
1171  *         var reflect = board.create('transform', [li], {type: 'reflect'});
1172  *
1173  *         var l1 = board.create('line', [1,-5,1]);
1174  *         var l2 = board.create('line', [l1, reflect]);
1175  *
1176  * </pre><div id="JXGJXGa00d7dd6-d38c-11e7-93b3-901b0e1b8723" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1177  * <script type="text/javascript">
1178  *     (function() {
1179  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXGJXGa00d7dd6-d38c-11e7-93b3-901b0e1b8723',
1180  *             {boundingbox: [-8, 8, 8,-8], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1181  *             // reflection line
1182  *             var li = board.create('line', [1,1,1], {strokeColor: '#aaaaaa'});
1183  *             var reflect = board.create('transform', [li], {type: 'reflect'});
1184  *
1185  *             var l1 = board.create('line', [1,-5,1]);
1186  *             var l2 = board.create('line', [l1, reflect]);
1187  *     })();
1188  *
1189  * </script><pre>
1190  *
1191  * @example
1192  * var t = board.create('transform', [2, 1.5], {type: 'scale'});
1193  * var l1 = board.create('line', [1, -5, 1]);
1194  * var l2 = board.create('line', [l1, t]);
1195  *
1196  * </pre><div id="d16d5b58-6338-11e8-9fb9-901b0e1b8723" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1197  * <script type="text/javascript">
1198  *     (function() {
1199  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('d16d5b58-6338-11e8-9fb9-901b0e1b8723',
1200  *             {boundingbox: [-8, 8, 8,-8], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1201  *     var t = board.create('transform', [2, 1.5], {type: 'scale'});
1202  *     var l1 = board.create('line', [1, -5, 1]);
1203  *     var l2 = board.create('line', [l1, t]);
1204  *
1205  *     })();
1206  *
1207  * </script><pre>
1208  *
1209  * @example
1210  * //create line between two points
1211  * var p1 = board.create('point', [0,0]);
1212  * var p2 = board.create('point', [2,2]);
1213  * var l1 = board.create('line', [p1,p2], {straightFirst:false, straightLast:false});
1214  * </pre><div id="d21d5b58-6338-11e8-9fb9-901b0e1b8723" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1215  * <script type="text/javascript">
1216  *     (function() {
1217  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('d21d5b58-6338-11e8-9fb9-901b0e1b8723',
1218  *             {boundingbox: [-8, 8, 8,-8], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1219  *             var ex5p1 = board.create('point', [0,0]);
1220  *             var ex5p2 = board.create('point', [2,2]);
1221  *             var ex5l1 = board.create('line', [ex5p1,ex5p2], {straightFirst:false, straightLast:false});
1222  *     })();
1223  *
1224  * </script><pre>
1225  */
1226 JXG.createLine = function (board, parents, attributes) {
1227     var ps, el, p1, p2, i, attr,
1228         c = [],
1229         doTransform = false,
1230         constrained = false,
1231         isDraggable;
1232 
1233     if (parents.length === 2) {
1234         // The line is defined by two points or coordinates of two points.
1235         // In the latter case, the points are created.
1236         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point1');
1237         if (Type.isArray(parents[0]) && parents[0].length > 1) {
1238             p1 = board.create("point", parents[0], attr);
1239         } else if (Type.isString(parents[0]) || Type.isPoint(parents[0])) {
1240             p1 = board.select(parents[0]);
1241         } else if (Type.isFunction(parents[0]) && Type.isPoint(parents[0]())) {
1242             p1 = parents[0]();
1243             constrained = true;
1244         } else if (
1245             Type.isFunction(parents[0]) &&
1246             parents[0]().length &&
1247             parents[0]().length >= 2
1248         ) {
1249             p1 = JXG.createPoint(board, parents[0](), attr);
1250             constrained = true;
1251         } else if (Type.isObject(parents[0]) && Type.isTransformationOrArray(parents[1])) {
1252             doTransform = true;
1253             p1 = board.create("point", [parents[0].point1, parents[1]], attr);
1254         } else {
1255             throw new Error(
1256                 "JSXGraph: Can't create line with parent types '" +
1257                 typeof parents[0] +
1258                 "' and '" +
1259                 typeof parents[1] +
1260                 "'." +
1261                 "\nPossible parent types: [point,point], [[x1,y1],[x2,y2]], [a,b,c]"
1262             );
1263         }
1264 
1265         // point 2 given by coordinates
1266         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point2');
1267         if (doTransform) {
1268             p2 = board.create("point", [parents[0].point2, parents[1]], attr);
1269         } else if (Type.isArray(parents[1]) && parents[1].length > 1) {
1270             p2 = board.create("point", parents[1], attr);
1271         } else if (Type.isString(parents[1]) || Type.isPoint(parents[1])) {
1272             p2 = board.select(parents[1]);
1273         } else if (Type.isFunction(parents[1]) && Type.isPoint(parents[1]())) {
1274             p2 = parents[1]();
1275             constrained = true;
1276         } else if (
1277             Type.isFunction(parents[1]) &&
1278             parents[1]().length &&
1279             parents[1]().length >= 2
1280         ) {
1281             p2 = JXG.createPoint(board, parents[1](), attr);
1282             constrained = true;
1283         } else {
1284             throw new Error(
1285                 "JSXGraph: Can't create line with parent types '" +
1286                 typeof parents[0] +
1287                 "' and '" +
1288                 typeof parents[1] +
1289                 "'." +
1290                 "\nPossible parent types: [point,point], [[x1,y1],[x2,y2]], [a,b,c]"
1291             );
1292         }
1293 
1294         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'line');
1295         el = new JXG.Line(board, p1, p2, attr);
1296 
1297         if (constrained) {
1298             el.constrained = true;
1299             el.funp1 = parents[0];
1300             el.funp2 = parents[1];
1301         } else if (!doTransform) {
1302             el.isDraggable = true;
1303         }
1304 
1305         //if (!el.constrained) {
1306         el.setParents([p1.id, p2.id]);
1307         //}
1308 
1309     } else if (parents.length === 3) {
1310         // Free line:
1311         // Line is defined by three homogeneous coordinates.
1312         // Also in this case points are created.
1313         isDraggable = true;
1314         for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
1315             if (Type.isNumber(parents[i])) {
1316                 // createFunction will just wrap a function around our constant number
1317                 // that does nothing else but to return that number.
1318                 c[i] = Type.createFunction(parents[i]);
1319             } else if (Type.isFunction(parents[i])) {
1320                 c[i] = parents[i];
1321                 isDraggable = false;
1322             } else {
1323                 throw new Error(
1324                     "JSXGraph: Can't create line with parent types '" +
1325                     typeof parents[0] +
1326                     "' and '" +
1327                     typeof parents[1] +
1328                     "' and '" +
1329                     typeof parents[2] +
1330                     "'." +
1331                     "\nPossible parent types: [point,point], [[x1,y1],[x2,y2]], [a,b,c]"
1332                 );
1333             }
1334         }
1335 
1336         // point 1 is the midpoint between (0, c, -b) and point 2. => point1 is finite.
1337         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point1');
1338         if (isDraggable) {
1339             p1 = board.create("point", [
1340                 c[2]() * c[2]() + c[1]() * c[1](),
1341                 c[2]() - c[1]() * c[0]() + c[2](),
1342                 -c[1]() - c[2]() * c[0]() - c[1]()
1343             ], attr);
1344         } else {
1345             p1 = board.create("point", [
1346                 function () {
1347                     return (c[2]() * c[2]() + c[1]() * c[1]()) * 0.5;
1348                 },
1349                 function () {
1350                     return (c[2]() - c[1]() * c[0]() + c[2]()) * 0.5;
1351                 },
1352                 function () {
1353                     return (-c[1]() - c[2]() * c[0]() - c[1]()) * 0.5;
1354                 }
1355             ], attr);
1356         }
1357 
1358         // point 2: (b^2+c^2,-ba+c,-ca-b)
1359         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point2');
1360         if (isDraggable) {
1361             p2 = board.create("point", [
1362                 c[2]() * c[2]() + c[1]() * c[1](),
1363                 -c[1]() * c[0]() + c[2](),
1364                 -c[2]() * c[0]() - c[1]()
1365             ], attr);
1366         } else {
1367             p2 = board.create("point", [
1368                 function () {
1369                     return c[2]() * c[2]() + c[1]() * c[1]();
1370                 },
1371                 function () {
1372                     return -c[1]() * c[0]() + c[2]();
1373                 },
1374                 function () {
1375                     return -c[2]() * c[0]() - c[1]();
1376                 }
1377             ], attr);
1378         }
1379 
1380         // If the line will have a glider and board.suspendUpdate() has been called, we
1381         // need to compute the initial position of the two points p1 and p2.
1382         p1.prepareUpdate().update();
1383         p2.prepareUpdate().update();
1384         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'line');
1385         el = new JXG.Line(board, p1, p2, attr);
1386         // Not yet working, because the points are not draggable.
1387         el.isDraggable = isDraggable;
1388         el.setParents([p1, p2]);
1389 
1390     } else if (
1391         // The parent array contains a function which returns two points.
1392         parents.length === 1 &&
1393         Type.isFunction(parents[0]) &&
1394         parents[0]().length === 2 &&
1395         Type.isPoint(parents[0]()[0]) &&
1396         Type.isPoint(parents[0]()[1])
1397     ) {
1398         ps = parents[0]();
1399         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'line');
1400         el = new JXG.Line(board, ps[0], ps[1], attr);
1401         el.constrained = true;
1402         el.funps = parents[0];
1403         el.setParents(ps);
1404     } else if (
1405         parents.length === 1 &&
1406         Type.isFunction(parents[0]) &&
1407         parents[0]().length === 3 &&
1408         Type.isNumber(parents[0]()[0]) &&
1409         Type.isNumber(parents[0]()[1]) &&
1410         Type.isNumber(parents[0]()[2])
1411     ) {
1412         ps = parents[0];
1413 
1414         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point1');
1415         p1 = board.create("point", [
1416             function () {
1417                 var c = ps();
1418 
1419                 return [
1420                     (c[2] * c[2] + c[1] * c[1]) * 0.5,
1421                     (c[2] - c[1] * c[0] + c[2]) * 0.5,
1422                     (-c[1] - c[2] * c[0] - c[1]) * 0.5
1423                 ];
1424             }
1425         ], attr);
1426 
1427         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "line", 'point2');
1428         p2 = board.create("point", [
1429             function () {
1430                 var c = ps();
1431 
1432                 return [
1433                     c[2] * c[2] + c[1] * c[1],
1434                     -c[1] * c[0] + c[2],
1435                     -c[2] * c[0] - c[1]
1436                 ];
1437             }
1438         ], attr);
1439 
1440         attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'line');
1441         el = new JXG.Line(board, p1, p2, attr);
1442 
1443         el.constrained = true;
1444         el.funps = parents[0];
1445         el.setParents([p1, p2]);
1446     } else {
1447         throw new Error(
1448             "JSXGraph: Can't create line with parent types '" +
1449             typeof parents[0] +
1450             "' and '" +
1451             typeof parents[1] +
1452             "'." +
1453             "\nPossible parent types: [point,point], [[x1,y1],[x2,y2]], [a,b,c]"
1454         );
1455     }
1456 
1457     return el;
1458 };
1459 
1460 JXG.registerElement("line", JXG.createLine);
1461 
1462 /**
1463  * @class A (line) segment defined by two points.
1464  * It's strictly spoken just a wrapper for element {@link Line} with {@link Line#straightFirst}
1465  * and {@link Line#straightLast} properties set to false. If there is a third variable then the
1466  * segment has a fixed length (which may be a function, too) determined by the absolute value of
1467  * that number.
1468  * @pseudo
1469  * @name Segment
1470  * @augments JXG.Line
1471  * @constructor
1472  * @type JXG.Line
1473  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
1474  * @param {JXG.Point,array_JXG.Point,array} point1,point2 Parent elements can be two elements either of type {@link JXG.Point}
1475  * or array of numbers describing the
1476  * coordinates of a point. In the latter case the point will be constructed automatically as a fixed invisible point.
1477  * @param {number,function} [length] The points are adapted - if possible - such that their distance
1478  * is equal to the absolute value of this number.
1479  * @see Line
1480  * @example
1481  * // Create a segment providing two points.
1482  *   var p1 = board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1483  *   var p2 = board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1484  *   var l1 = board.create('segment', [p1, p2]);
1485  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXGd70e6aac-7c93-4525-a94c-a1820fa38e2f" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1486  * <script type="text/javascript">
1487  *   var slex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXGd70e6aac-7c93-4525-a94c-a1820fa38e2f', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1488  *   var slex1_p1 = slex1_board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1489  *   var slex1_p2 = slex1_board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1490  *   var slex1_l1 = slex1_board.create('segment', [slex1_p1, slex1_p2]);
1491  * </script><pre>
1492  *
1493  * @example
1494  * // Create a segment providing two points.
1495  *   var p1 = board.create('point', [4.0, 1.0]);
1496  *   var p2 = board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1497  *   // AB
1498  *   var l1 = board.create('segment', [p1, p2]);
1499  *   var p3 = board.create('point', [4.0, 2.0]);
1500  *   var p4 = board.create('point', [1.0, 2.0]);
1501  *   // CD
1502  *   var l2 = board.create('segment', [p3, p4, 3]); // Fixed length
1503  *   var p5 = board.create('point', [4.0, 3.0]);
1504  *   var p6 = board.create('point', [1.0, 4.0]);
1505  *   // EF
1506  *   var l3 = board.create('segment', [p5, p6, function(){ return l1.L();} ]); // Fixed, but dependent length
1507  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG617336ba-0705-4b2b-a236-c87c28ef25be" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1508  * <script type="text/javascript">
1509  *   var slex2_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG617336ba-0705-4b2b-a236-c87c28ef25be', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1510  *   var slex2_p1 = slex2_board.create('point', [4.0, 1.0]);
1511  *   var slex2_p2 = slex2_board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1512  *   var slex2_l1 = slex2_board.create('segment', [slex2_p1, slex2_p2]);
1513  *   var slex2_p3 = slex2_board.create('point', [4.0, 2.0]);
1514  *   var slex2_p4 = slex2_board.create('point', [1.0, 2.0]);
1515  *   var slex2_l2 = slex2_board.create('segment', [slex2_p3, slex2_p4, 3]);
1516  *   var slex2_p5 = slex2_board.create('point', [4.0, 2.0]);
1517  *   var slex2_p6 = slex2_board.create('point', [1.0, 2.0]);
1518  *   var slex2_l3 = slex2_board.create('segment', [slex2_p5, slex2_p6, function(){ return slex2_l1.L();}]);
1519  * </script><pre>
1520  *
1521  */
1522 JXG.createSegment = function (board, parents, attributes) {
1523     var el, attr;
1524 
1525     attributes.straightFirst = false;
1526     attributes.straightLast = false;
1527     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'segment');
1528 
1529     el = board.create("line", parents.slice(0, 2), attr);
1530 
1531     if (parents.length === 3) {
1532         try {
1533             el.hasFixedLength = true;
1534             el.fixedLengthOldCoords = [];
1535             el.fixedLengthOldCoords[0] = new Coords(
1536                 Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
1537                 el.point1.coords.usrCoords.slice(1, 3),
1538                 board
1539             );
1540             el.fixedLengthOldCoords[1] = new Coords(
1541                 Const.COORDS_BY_USER,
1542                 el.point2.coords.usrCoords.slice(1, 3),
1543                 board
1544             );
1545 
1546             el.setFixedLength(parents[2]);
1547         } catch (err) {
1548             throw new Error(
1549                 "JSXGraph: Can't create segment with third parent type '" +
1550                 typeof parents[2] +
1551                 "'." +
1552                 "\nPossible third parent types: number or function"
1553             );
1554         }
1555         // if (Type.isNumber(parents[2])) {
1556         //     el.fixedLength = function () {
1557         //         return parents[2];
1558         //     };
1559         // } else if (Type.isFunction(parents[2])) {
1560         //     el.fixedLength = Type.createFunction(parents[2], this.board);
1561         // } else {
1562         //     throw new Error(
1563         //         "JSXGraph: Can't create segment with third parent type '" +
1564         //             typeof parents[2] +
1565         //             "'." +
1566         //             "\nPossible third parent types: number or function"
1567         //     );
1568         // }
1569 
1570         el.getParents = function () {
1571             return this.parents.concat(this.fixedLength());
1572         };
1573 
1574     }
1575 
1576     el.elType = 'segment';
1577 
1578     return el;
1579 };
1580 
1581 JXG.registerElement("segment", JXG.createSegment);
1582 
1583 /**
1584  * @class A segment with an arrow head.
1585  * This element is just a wrapper for element
1586  * {@link Line} with {@link Line#straightFirst}
1587  * and {@link Line#straightLast} properties set to false and {@link Line#lastArrow} set to true.
1588  * @pseudo
1589  * @name Arrow
1590  * @augments JXG.Line
1591  * @constructor
1592  * @type JXG.Line
1593  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
1594  * @param {JXG.Point,array_JXG.Point,array} point1,point2 Parent elements can be two elements either of type {@link JXG.Point} or array of numbers describing the
1595  * coordinates of a point. In the latter case the point will be constructed automatically as a fixed invisible point.
1596  * @param {Number_Number_Number} a,b,c A line can also be created providing three numbers. The line is then described by the set of solutions
1597  * of the equation <tt>a*x+b*y+c*z = 0</tt>.
1598  * @see Line
1599  * @example
1600  * // Create an arrow providing two points.
1601  *   var p1 = board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1602  *   var p2 = board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1603  *   var l1 = board.create('arrow', [p1, p2]);
1604  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG1d26bd22-7d6d-4018-b164-4c8bc8d22ccf" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1605  * <script type="text/javascript">
1606  *   var alex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG1d26bd22-7d6d-4018-b164-4c8bc8d22ccf', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1607  *   var alex1_p1 = alex1_board.create('point', [4.5, 2.0]);
1608  *   var alex1_p2 = alex1_board.create('point', [1.0, 1.0]);
1609  *   var alex1_l1 = alex1_board.create('arrow', [alex1_p1, alex1_p2]);
1610  * </script><pre>
1611  */
1612 JXG.createArrow = function (board, parents, attributes) {
1613     var el, attr;
1614 
1615     attributes.straightFirst = false;
1616     attributes.straightLast = false;
1617     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'arrow');
1618     el = board.create("line", parents, attr);
1619     //el.setArrow(false, true);
1620     el.type = Const.OBJECT_TYPE_VECTOR;
1621     el.elType = 'arrow';
1622 
1623     return el;
1624 };
1625 
1626 JXG.registerElement("arrow", JXG.createArrow);
1627 
1628 /**
1629  * @class Axis is a line with optional ticks and labels.
1630  * It's strictly spoken just a wrapper for element {@link Line} with {@link Line#straightFirst}
1631  * and {@link Line#straightLast} properties set to true. Additionally {@link Line#lastArrow} is set to true and default {@link Ticks} will be created.
1632  * @pseudo
1633  * @name Axis
1634  * @augments JXG.Line
1635  * @constructor
1636  * @type JXG.Line
1637  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
1638  * @param {JXG.Point,array_JXG.Point,array} point1,point2 Parent elements can be two elements either of type {@link JXG.Point} or array of numbers describing the
1639  * coordinates of a point. In the latter case, the point will be constructed automatically as a fixed invisible point.
1640  * @param {Number_Number_Number} a,b,c A line can also be created providing three numbers. The line is then described by the set of solutions
1641  * of the equation <tt>a*x+b*y+c*z = 0</tt>.
1642  * @example
1643  * // Create an axis providing two coords pairs.
1644  *   var l1 = board.create('axis', [[0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.3]]);
1645  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG4f414733-624c-42e4-855c-11f5530383ae" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1646  * <script type="text/javascript">
1647  *   var axex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG4f414733-624c-42e4-855c-11f5530383ae', {boundingbox: [-1, 7, 7, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1648  *   var axex1_l1 = axex1_board.create('axis', [[0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.3]]);
1649  * </script><pre>
1650  * @example
1651  *  // Create ticks labels as fractions
1652  *  board.create('axis', [[0,1], [1,1]], {
1653  *      ticks: {
1654  *          label: {
1655  *              toFraction: true,
1656  *              useMathjax: false,
1657  *              anchorX: 'middle',
1658  *              offset: [0, -10]
1659  *          }
1660  *      }
1661  *  });
1662  *
1663  *
1664  * </pre><div id="JXG34174cc4-0050-4ab4-af69-e91365d0666f" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
1665  * <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js" id="MathJax-script"></script>
1666  * <script type="text/javascript">
1667  *     (function() {
1668  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG34174cc4-0050-4ab4-af69-e91365d0666f',
1669  *             {boundingbox: [-1.2, 2.3, 1.2, -2.3], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
1670  *             board.create('axis', [[0,1], [1,1]], {
1671  *                 ticks: {
1672  *                     label: {
1673  *                         toFraction: true,
1674  *                         useMathjax: false,
1675  *                         anchorX: 'middle',
1676  *                         offset: [0, -10]
1677  *                     }
1678  *                 }
1679  *             });
1680  *
1681  *
1682  *     })();
1683  *
1684  * </script><pre>
1685  *
1686  */
1687 JXG.createAxis = function (board, parents, attributes) {
1688     var axis, attr,
1689         ancestor, ticksDist;
1690 
1691     // Create line
1692     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'axis');
1693     try {
1694         axis = board.create("line", parents, attr);
1695     } catch (err) {
1696         throw new Error(
1697             "JSXGraph: Can't create axis with parent types '" +
1698             typeof parents[0] +
1699             "' and '" +
1700             typeof parents[1] +
1701             "'." +
1702             "\nPossible parent types: [point,point], [[x1,y1],[x2,y2]]"
1703         );
1704     }
1705 
1706     axis.type = Const.OBJECT_TYPE_AXIS;
1707     axis.isDraggable = false;
1708     axis.point1.isDraggable = false;
1709     axis.point2.isDraggable = false;
1710 
1711     // Save usrCoords of points
1712     axis._point1UsrCoordsOrg = axis.point1.coords.usrCoords.slice();
1713     axis._point2UsrCoordsOrg = axis.point2.coords.usrCoords.slice();
1714 
1715     for (ancestor in axis.ancestors) {
1716         if (axis.ancestors.hasOwnProperty(ancestor)) {
1717             axis.ancestors[ancestor].type = Const.OBJECT_TYPE_AXISPOINT;
1718         }
1719     }
1720 
1721     // Create ticks
1722     // attrTicks = attr.ticks;
1723     if (Type.exists(attr.ticks.ticksdistance)) {
1724         ticksDist = attr.ticks.ticksdistance;
1725     } else if (Type.isArray(attr.ticks.ticks)) {
1726         ticksDist = attr.ticks.ticks;
1727     } else {
1728         ticksDist = 1.0;
1729     }
1730 
1731     /**
1732      * The ticks attached to the axis.
1733      * @memberOf Axis.prototype
1734      * @name defaultTicks
1735      * @type JXG.Ticks
1736      */
1737     axis.defaultTicks = board.create("ticks", [axis, ticksDist], attr.ticks);
1738     axis.defaultTicks.dump = false;
1739     axis.elType = 'axis';
1740     axis.subs = {
1741         ticks: axis.defaultTicks
1742     };
1743     axis.inherits.push(axis.defaultTicks);
1744 
1745     axis.update = function () {
1746         var bbox,
1747             position, i,
1748             direction, horizontal, vertical,
1749             ticksAutoPos, ticksAutoPosThres, dist,
1750             anchor, left, right,
1751             distUsr,
1752             newPosP1, newPosP2,
1753             locationOrg,
1754             visLabel, anchr, off;
1755 
1756         if (!this.needsUpdate) {
1757             return this;
1758         }
1759 
1760         bbox = this.board.getBoundingBox();
1761         position = this.evalVisProp('position');
1762         direction = this.Direction();
1763         horizontal = this.isHorizontal();
1764         vertical = this.isVertical();
1765         ticksAutoPos = this.evalVisProp('ticksautopos');
1766         ticksAutoPosThres = this.evalVisProp('ticksautoposthreshold');
1767 
1768         if (horizontal) {
1769             ticksAutoPosThres = Type.parseNumber(ticksAutoPosThres, Math.abs(bbox[1] - bbox[3]), 1 / this.board.unitX) * this.board.unitX;
1770         } else if (vertical) {
1771             ticksAutoPosThres = Type.parseNumber(ticksAutoPosThres, Math.abs(bbox[1] - bbox[3]), 1 / this.board.unitY) * this.board.unitY;
1772         } else {
1773             ticksAutoPosThres = Type.parseNumber(ticksAutoPosThres, 1, 1);
1774         }
1775 
1776         anchor = this.evalVisProp('anchor');
1777         left = anchor.indexOf('left') > -1;
1778         right = anchor.indexOf('right') > -1;
1779 
1780         distUsr = this.evalVisProp('anchordist');
1781         if (horizontal) {
1782             distUsr = Type.parseNumber(distUsr, Math.abs(bbox[1] - bbox[3]), 1 / this.board.unitX);
1783         } else if (vertical) {
1784             distUsr = Type.parseNumber(distUsr, Math.abs(bbox[0] - bbox[2]), 1 / this.board.unitY);
1785         } else {
1786             distUsr = 0;
1787         }
1788 
1789         locationOrg = this.board.getPointLoc(this._point1UsrCoordsOrg, distUsr);
1790 
1791         // Set position of axis
1792         newPosP1 = this.point1.coords.usrCoords.slice();
1793         newPosP2 = this.point2.coords.usrCoords.slice();
1794 
1795         if (position === 'static' || (!vertical && !horizontal)) {
1796             // Do nothing
1797 
1798         } else if (position === 'fixed') {
1799             if (horizontal) { // direction[1] === 0
1800                 if ((direction[0] > 0 && right) || (direction[0] < 0 && left)) {
1801                     newPosP1[2] = bbox[3] + distUsr;
1802                     newPosP2[2] = bbox[3] + distUsr;
1803                 } else if ((direction[0] > 0 && left) || (direction[0] < 0 && right)) {
1804                     newPosP1[2] = bbox[1] - distUsr;
1805                     newPosP2[2] = bbox[1] - distUsr;
1806 
1807                 } else {
1808                     newPosP1 = this._point1UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1809                     newPosP2 = this._point2UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1810                 }
1811             }
1812             if (vertical) { // direction[0] === 0
1813                 if ((direction[1] > 0 && left) || (direction[1] < 0 && right)) {
1814                     newPosP1[1] = bbox[0] + distUsr;
1815                     newPosP2[1] = bbox[0] + distUsr;
1816 
1817                 } else if ((direction[1] > 0 && right) || (direction[1] < 0 && left)) {
1818                     newPosP1[1] = bbox[2] - distUsr;
1819                     newPosP2[1] = bbox[2] - distUsr;
1820 
1821                 } else {
1822                     newPosP1 = this._point1UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1823                     newPosP2 = this._point2UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1824                 }
1825             }
1826 
1827         } else if (position === 'sticky') {
1828             if (horizontal) { // direction[1] === 0
1829                 if (locationOrg[1] < 0 && ((direction[0] > 0 && right) || (direction[0] < 0 && left))) {
1830                     newPosP1[2] = bbox[3] + distUsr;
1831                     newPosP2[2] = bbox[3] + distUsr;
1832 
1833                 } else if (locationOrg[1] > 0 && ((direction[0] > 0 && left) || (direction[0] < 0 && right))) {
1834                     newPosP1[2] = bbox[1] - distUsr;
1835                     newPosP2[2] = bbox[1] - distUsr;
1836 
1837                 } else {
1838                     newPosP1 = this._point1UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1839                     newPosP2 = this._point2UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1840                 }
1841             }
1842             if (vertical) { // direction[0] === 0
1843                 if (locationOrg[0] < 0 && ((direction[1] > 0 && left) || (direction[1] < 0 && right))) {
1844                     newPosP1[1] = bbox[0] + distUsr;
1845                     newPosP2[1] = bbox[0] + distUsr;
1846 
1847                 } else if (locationOrg[0] > 0 && ((direction[1] > 0 && right) || (direction[1] < 0 && left))) {
1848                     newPosP1[1] = bbox[2] - distUsr;
1849                     newPosP2[1] = bbox[2] - distUsr;
1850 
1851                 } else {
1852                     newPosP1 = this._point1UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1853                     newPosP2 = this._point2UsrCoordsOrg.slice();
1854                 }
1855             }
1856         }
1857 
1858         this.point1.setPositionDirectly(JXG.COORDS_BY_USER, newPosP1);
1859         this.point2.setPositionDirectly(JXG.COORDS_BY_USER, newPosP2);
1860 
1861         // Set position of tick labels
1862         if (Type.exists(this.defaultTicks)) {
1863             visLabel = this.defaultTicks.visProp.label;
1864             if (ticksAutoPos && (horizontal || vertical)) {
1865 
1866                 if (!Type.exists(visLabel._anchorx_org)) {
1867                     visLabel._anchorx_org = Type.def(visLabel.anchorx, this.board.options.text.anchorX);
1868                 }
1869                 if (!Type.exists(visLabel._anchory_org)) {
1870                     visLabel._anchory_org = Type.def(visLabel.anchory, this.board.options.text.anchorY);
1871                 }
1872                 if (!Type.exists(visLabel._offset_org)) {
1873                     visLabel._offset_org = visLabel.offset.slice();
1874                 }
1875 
1876                 off = visLabel.offset;
1877                 if (horizontal) {
1878                     dist = axis.point1.coords.scrCoords[2] - (this.board.canvasHeight * 0.5);
1879 
1880                     anchr = visLabel.anchory;
1881 
1882                     // The last position of the labels is stored in visLabel._side
1883                     if (dist < 0 && Math.abs(dist) > ticksAutoPosThres) {
1884                         // Put labels on top of the line
1885                         if (visLabel._side === 'bottom') {
1886                             // Switch position
1887                             if (visLabel.anchory === 'top') {
1888                                 anchr = 'bottom';
1889                             }
1890                             off[1] *= -1;
1891                             visLabel._side = 'top';
1892                         }
1893 
1894                     } else if (dist > 0 && Math.abs(dist) > ticksAutoPosThres) {
1895                         // Put labels below the line
1896                         if (visLabel._side === 'top') {
1897                             // Switch position
1898                             if (visLabel.anchory === 'bottom') {
1899                                 anchr = 'top';
1900                             }
1901                             off[1] *= -1;
1902                             visLabel._side = 'bottom';
1903                         }
1904 
1905                     } else {
1906                         // Put to original position
1907                         anchr = visLabel._anchory_org;
1908                         off = visLabel._offset_org.slice();
1909 
1910                         if (anchr === 'top') {
1911                             visLabel._side = 'bottom';
1912                         } else if (anchr === 'bottom') {
1913                             visLabel._side = 'top';
1914                         } else if (off[1] < 0) {
1915                             visLabel._side = 'bottom';
1916                         } else {
1917                             visLabel._side = 'top';
1918                         }
1919                     }
1920 
1921                     for (i = 0; i < axis.defaultTicks.labels.length; i++) {
1922                         this.defaultTicks.labels[i].visProp.anchory = anchr;
1923                     }
1924                     visLabel.anchory = anchr;
1925 
1926                 } else if (vertical) {
1927                     dist = axis.point1.coords.scrCoords[1] - (this.board.canvasWidth * 0.5);
1928 
1929                     if (dist < 0 && Math.abs(dist) > ticksAutoPosThres) {
1930                         // Put labels to the left of the line
1931                         if (visLabel._side === 'right') {
1932                             // Switch position
1933                             if (visLabel.anchorx === 'left') {
1934                                 anchr = 'right';
1935                             }
1936                             off[0] *= -1;
1937                             visLabel._side = 'left';
1938                         }
1939 
1940                     } else if (dist > 0 && Math.abs(dist) > ticksAutoPosThres) {
1941                         // Put labels to the right of the line
1942                         if (visLabel._side === 'left') {
1943                             // Switch position
1944                             if (visLabel.anchorx === 'right') {
1945                                 anchr = 'left';
1946                             }
1947                             off[0] *= -1;
1948                             visLabel._side = 'right';
1949                         }
1950 
1951                     } else {
1952                         // Put to original position
1953                         anchr = visLabel._anchorx_org;
1954                         off = visLabel._offset_org.slice();
1955 
1956                         if (anchr === 'left') {
1957                             visLabel._side = 'right';
1958                         } else if (anchr === 'right') {
1959                             visLabel._side = 'left';
1960                         } else if (off[0] < 0) {
1961                             visLabel._side = 'left';
1962                         } else {
1963                             visLabel._side = 'right';
1964                         }
1965                     }
1966 
1967                     for (i = 0; i < axis.defaultTicks.labels.length; i++) {
1968                         this.defaultTicks.labels[i].visProp.anchorx = anchr;
1969                     }
1970                     visLabel.anchorx = anchr;
1971                 }
1972                 visLabel.offset = off;
1973 
1974             } else {
1975                 delete visLabel._anchorx_org;
1976                 delete visLabel._anchory_org;
1977                 delete visLabel._offset_org;
1978             }
1979             this.defaultTicks.needsUpdate = true;
1980         }
1981 
1982         JXG.Line.prototype.update.call(this);
1983 
1984         return this;
1985     };
1986 
1987     return axis;
1988 };
1989 
1990 JXG.registerElement("axis", JXG.createAxis);
1991 
1992 /**
1993  * @class The tangent line at a point on a line, circle, conic, turtle, or curve.
1994  * A tangent line is always constructed
1995  * by a point on a line, circle, or curve and describes the tangent in the point on that line, circle, or curve.
1996  * <p>
1997  * If the point is not on the object (line, circle, conic, curve, turtle) the output depends on the type of the object.
1998  * For conics and circles, the polar line will be constructed. For function graphs,
1999  * the tangent of the vertical projection of the point to the function graph is constructed. For all other objects, the tangent
2000  * in the orthogonal projection of the point to the object will be constructed.
2001  * @pseudo
2002  * @name Tangent
2003  * @augments JXG.Line
2004  * @constructor
2005  * @type JXG.Line
2006  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
2007  * @param {Glider} g A glider on a line, circle, or curve.
2008  * @param {JXG.GeometryElement} [c] Optional element for which the tangent is constructed
2009  * @example
2010  * // Create a tangent providing a glider on a function graph
2011  *   var c1 = board.create('curve', [function(t){return t},function(t){return t*t*t;}]);
2012  *   var g1 = board.create('glider', [0.6, 1.2, c1]);
2013  *   var t1 = board.create('tangent', [g1]);
2014  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-4018d0d17a98" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;"></div>
2015  * <script type="text/javascript">
2016  *   var tlex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-4018d0d17a98', {boundingbox: [-6, 6, 6, -6], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2017  *   var tlex1_c1 = tlex1_board.create('curve', [function(t){return t},function(t){return t*t*t;}]);
2018  *   var tlex1_g1 = tlex1_board.create('glider', [0.6, 1.2, tlex1_c1]);
2019  *   var tlex1_t1 = tlex1_board.create('tangent', [tlex1_g1]);
2020  * </script><pre>
2021  */
2022 JXG.createTangent = function (board, parents, attributes) {
2023     var p, c, j, el, tangent, attr,
2024         getCurveTangentDir,
2025         res, isTransformed,
2026         slides = [];
2027 
2028     if (parents.length === 1) {
2029         // One argument: glider on line, circle or curve
2030         p = parents[0];
2031         c = p.slideObject;
2032 
2033     } else if (parents.length === 2) {
2034         // Two arguments: (point,line|curve|circle|conic) or (line|curve|circle|conic,point).
2035         // In fact, for circles and conics it is the polar
2036         if (Type.isPoint(parents[0])) {
2037             p = parents[0];
2038             c = parents[1];
2039         } else if (Type.isPoint(parents[1])) {
2040             c = parents[0];
2041             p = parents[1];
2042         } else {
2043             throw new Error(
2044                 "JSXGraph: Can't create tangent with parent types '" +
2045                 typeof parents[0] +
2046                 "' and '" +
2047                 typeof parents[1] +
2048                 "'." +
2049                 "\nPossible parent types: [glider|point], [point,line|curve|circle|conic]"
2050             );
2051         }
2052     } else {
2053         throw new Error(
2054             "JSXGraph: Can't create tangent with parent types '" +
2055             typeof parents[0] +
2056             "' and '" +
2057             typeof parents[1] +
2058             "'." +
2059             "\nPossible parent types: [glider|point], [point,line|curve|circle|conic]"
2060         );
2061     }
2062 
2063     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'tangent');
2064     if (c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_LINE) {
2065         tangent = board.create("line", [c.point1, c.point2], attr);
2066         tangent.glider = p;
2067     } else if (
2068         c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CURVE &&
2069         c.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CONIC
2070     ) {
2071         res = c.getTransformationSource();
2072         isTransformed = res[0];
2073         if (isTransformed) {
2074             // Curve is result of a transformation
2075             // We recursively collect all curves from which
2076             // the curve is transformed.
2077             slides.push(c);
2078             while (res[0] && Type.exists(res[1]._transformationSource)) {
2079                 slides.push(res[1]);
2080                 res = res[1].getTransformationSource();
2081             }
2082         }
2083 
2084         if (c.evalVisProp('curvetype') !== "plot" || isTransformed) {
2085             // Functiongraph or parametric curve or
2086             // transformed curve thereof.
2087             tangent = board.create(
2088                 "line",
2089                 [
2090                     function () {
2091                         var g = c.X,
2092                             f = c.Y,
2093                             df, dg,
2094                             li, i, c_org, invMat, po,
2095                             t;
2096 
2097                         if (p.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2098                             t = p.position;
2099                         } else if (c.evalVisProp('curvetype') === 'functiongraph') {
2100                             t = p.X();
2101                         } else {
2102                             t = Geometry.projectPointToCurve(p, c, board)[1];
2103                         }
2104 
2105                         // po are the coordinates of the point
2106                         // on the "original" curve. That is the curve or
2107                         // the original curve which is transformed (maybe multiple times)
2108                         // to this curve.
2109                         // t is the position of the point on the "original" curve
2110                         po = p.Coords(true);
2111                         if (isTransformed) {
2112                             c_org = slides[slides.length - 1]._transformationSource;
2113                             g = c_org.X;
2114                             f = c_org.Y;
2115                             for (i = 0; i < slides.length; i++) {
2116                                 slides[i].updateTransformMatrix();
2117                                 invMat = Mat.inverse(slides[i].transformMat);
2118                                 po = Mat.matVecMult(invMat, po);
2119                             }
2120 
2121                             if (p.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2122                                 po[1] /= po[0];
2123                                 po[2] /= po[0];
2124                                 po[0] /= po[0];
2125                                 t = Geometry.projectCoordsToCurve(po[1], po[2], 0, c_org, board)[1];
2126                             }
2127                         }
2128 
2129                         // li are the coordinates of the line on the "original" curve
2130                         df = Numerics.D(f)(t);
2131                         dg = Numerics.D(g)(t);
2132                         li = [
2133                             -po[1] * df + po[2] * dg,
2134                             po[0] * df,
2135                             -po[0] * dg
2136                         ];
2137 
2138                         if (isTransformed) {
2139                             // Transform the line to the transformed curve
2140                             for (i = slides.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
2141                                 invMat = Mat.transpose(Mat.inverse(slides[i].transformMat));
2142                                 li = Mat.matVecMult(invMat, li);
2143                             }
2144                         }
2145 
2146                         return li;
2147                     }
2148                 ],
2149                 attr
2150             );
2151 
2152             p.addChild(tangent);
2153             // this is required for the geogebra reader to display a slope
2154             tangent.glider = p;
2155         } else {
2156             // curveType 'plot': discrete data
2157             /**
2158              * @ignore
2159              *
2160              * In case of bezierDegree == 1:
2161              * Find two points p1, p2 enclosing the glider.
2162              * Then the equation of the line segment is: 0 = y*(x1-x2) + x*(y2-y1) + y1*x2-x1*y2,
2163              * which is the cross product of p1 and p2.
2164              *
2165              * In case of bezierDegree === 3:
2166              * The slope dy / dx of the tangent is determined. Then the
2167              * tangent is computed as cross product between
2168              * the glider p and [1, p.X() + dx, p.Y() + dy]
2169              *
2170              */
2171             getCurveTangentDir = function (position, c, num) {
2172                 var i = Math.floor(position),
2173                     p1, p2, t, A, B, C, D, dx, dy, d,
2174                     points, le;
2175 
2176                 if (c.bezierDegree === 1) {
2177                     if (i === c.numberPoints - 1) {
2178                         i--;
2179                     }
2180                 } else if (c.bezierDegree === 3) {
2181                     // i is start of the Bezier segment
2182                     // t is the position in the Bezier segment
2183                     if (c.elType === 'sector') {
2184                         points = c.points.slice(3, c.numberPoints - 3);
2185                         le = points.length;
2186                     } else {
2187                         points = c.points;
2188                         le = points.length;
2189                     }
2190                     i = Math.floor((position * (le - 1)) / 3) * 3;
2191                     t = (position * (le - 1) - i) / 3;
2192                     if (i >= le - 1) {
2193                         i = le - 4;
2194                         t = 1;
2195                     }
2196                 } else {
2197                     return 0;
2198                 }
2199 
2200                 if (i < 0) {
2201                     return 1;
2202                 }
2203 
2204                 // The curve points are transformed (if there is a transformation)
2205                 // c.X(i) is not transformed.
2206                 if (c.bezierDegree === 1) {
2207                     p1 = c.points[i].usrCoords;
2208                     p2 = c.points[i + 1].usrCoords;
2209                 } else {
2210                     A = points[i].usrCoords;
2211                     B = points[i + 1].usrCoords;
2212                     C = points[i + 2].usrCoords;
2213                     D = points[i + 3].usrCoords;
2214                     dx = (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (B[1] - A[1]) +
2215                         2 * (1 - t) * t * (C[1] - B[1]) +
2216                         t * t * (D[1] - C[1]);
2217                     dy = (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (B[2] - A[2]) +
2218                         2 * (1 - t) * t * (C[2] - B[2]) +
2219                         t * t * (D[2] - C[2]);
2220                     d = Mat.hypot(dx, dy);
2221                     dx /= d;
2222                     dy /= d;
2223                     p1 = p.coords.usrCoords;
2224                     p2 = [1, p1[1] + dx, p1[2] + dy];
2225                 }
2226 
2227                 switch (num) {
2228                     case 0:
2229                         return p1[2] * p2[1] - p1[1] * p2[2];
2230                     case 1:
2231                         return p2[2] - p1[2];
2232                     case 2:
2233                         return p1[1] - p2[1];
2234                     default:
2235                         return [
2236                             p1[2] * p2[1] - p1[1] * p2[2],
2237                             p2[2] - p1[2],
2238                             p1[1] - p2[1]
2239                         ];
2240                 }
2241             };
2242 
2243             tangent = board.create(
2244                 "line",
2245                 [
2246                     function () {
2247                         var t;
2248 
2249                         if (p.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2250                             t = p.position;
2251                         } else {
2252                             t = Geometry.projectPointToCurve(p, c, board)[1];
2253                         }
2254 
2255                         return getCurveTangentDir(t, c);
2256                     }
2257                 ],
2258                 attr
2259             );
2260 
2261             p.addChild(tangent);
2262             // this is required for the geogebra reader to display a slope
2263             tangent.glider = p;
2264         }
2265     } else if (c.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_TURTLE) {
2266         tangent = board.create(
2267             "line",
2268             [
2269                 function () {
2270                     var i, t;
2271                     if (p.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2272                         t = p.position;
2273                     } else {
2274                         t = Geometry.projectPointToTurtle(p, c, board)[1];
2275                     }
2276 
2277                     i = Math.floor(t);
2278 
2279                     // run through all curves of this turtle
2280                     for (j = 0; j < c.objects.length; j++) {
2281                         el = c.objects[j];
2282 
2283                         if (el.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CURVE) {
2284                             if (i < el.numberPoints) {
2285                                 break;
2286                             }
2287 
2288                             i -= el.numberPoints;
2289                         }
2290                     }
2291 
2292                     if (i === el.numberPoints - 1) {
2293                         i--;
2294                     }
2295 
2296                     if (i < 0) {
2297                         return [1, 0, 0];
2298                     }
2299 
2300                     return [
2301                         el.Y(i) * el.X(i + 1) - el.X(i) * el.Y(i + 1),
2302                         el.Y(i + 1) - el.Y(i),
2303                         el.X(i) - el.X(i + 1)
2304                     ];
2305                 }
2306             ],
2307             attr
2308         );
2309         p.addChild(tangent);
2310 
2311         // this is required for the geogebra reader to display a slope
2312         tangent.glider = p;
2313     } else if (
2314         c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE ||
2315         c.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CONIC
2316     ) {
2317         // If p is not on c, the tangent is the polar.
2318         // This construction should work on conics, too. p has to lie on c.
2319         tangent = board.create(
2320             "line",
2321             [
2322                 function () {
2323                     return Mat.matVecMult(c.quadraticform, p.coords.usrCoords);
2324                 }
2325             ],
2326             attr
2327         );
2328 
2329         p.addChild(tangent);
2330         // this is required for the geogebra reader to display a slope
2331         tangent.glider = p;
2332     }
2333 
2334     if (!Type.exists(tangent)) {
2335         throw new Error("JSXGraph: Couldn't create tangent with the given parents.");
2336     }
2337 
2338     tangent.elType = 'tangent';
2339     tangent.type = Const.OBJECT_TYPE_TANGENT;
2340     tangent.setParents(parents);
2341 
2342     return tangent;
2343 };
2344 
2345 /**
2346  * @class A normal is the line perpendicular to a line or to a tangent of a circle or curve.
2347  * @pseudo
2348  * @description A normal is a line through a given point on an element of type line, circle, curve, or turtle and orthogonal to that object.
2349  * @constructor
2350  * @name Normal
2351  * @type JXG.Line
2352  * @augments JXG.Line
2353  * @throws {Error} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
2354  * @param {JXG.Line,JXG.Circle,JXG.Curve,JXG.Turtle_JXG.Point} o,p The constructed line contains p which lies on the object and is orthogonal
2355  * to the tangent to the object in the given point.
2356  * @param {Glider} p Works like above, however the object is given by {@link JXG.CoordsElement#slideObject}.
2357  * @example
2358  * // Create a normal to a circle.
2359  * var p1 = board.create('point', [2.0, 2.0]);
2360  * var p2 = board.create('point', [3.0, 2.0]);
2361  * var c1 = board.create('circle', [p1, p2]);
2362  *
2363  * var norm1 = board.create('normal', [c1, p2]);
2364  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG4154753d-3d29-40fb-a860-0b08aa4f3743" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;"></div>
2365  * <script type="text/javascript">
2366  *   var nlex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG4154753d-3d29-40fb-a860-0b08aa4f3743', {boundingbox: [-1, 9, 9, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2367  *   var nlex1_p1 = nlex1_board.create('point', [2.0, 2.0]);
2368  *   var nlex1_p2 = nlex1_board.create('point', [3.0, 2.0]);
2369  *   var nlex1_c1 = nlex1_board.create('circle', [nlex1_p1, nlex1_p2]);
2370  *
2371  *   // var nlex1_p3 = nlex1_board.create('point', [1.0, 2.0]);
2372  *   var nlex1_norm1 = nlex1_board.create('normal', [nlex1_c1, nlex1_p2]);
2373  * </script><pre>
2374  */
2375 JXG.createNormal = function (board, parents, attributes) {
2376     var p, c, l, i, attr, pp, attrp,
2377         getCurveNormalDir,
2378         res, isTransformed,
2379         slides = [];
2380 
2381     for (i = 0; i < parents.length; ++i) {
2382         parents[i] = board.select(parents[i]);
2383     }
2384     // One arguments: glider on line, circle or curve
2385     if (parents.length === 1) {
2386         p = parents[0];
2387         c = p.slideObject;
2388         // Two arguments: (point,line), (point,circle), (line,point) or (circle,point)
2389     } else if (parents.length === 2) {
2390         if (Type.isPointType(board, parents[0])) {
2391             p = Type.providePoints(board, [parents[0]], attributes, 'point')[0];
2392             c = parents[1];
2393         } else if (Type.isPointType(board, parents[1])) {
2394             c = parents[0];
2395             p = Type.providePoints(board, [parents[1]], attributes, 'point')[0];
2396         } else {
2397             throw new Error(
2398                 "JSXGraph: Can't create normal with parent types '" +
2399                 typeof parents[0] +
2400                 "' and '" +
2401                 typeof parents[1] +
2402                 "'." +
2403                 "\nPossible parent types: [point,line], [point,circle], [glider]"
2404             );
2405         }
2406     } else {
2407         throw new Error(
2408             "JSXGraph: Can't create normal with parent types '" +
2409             typeof parents[0] +
2410             "' and '" +
2411             typeof parents[1] +
2412             "'." +
2413             "\nPossible parent types: [point,line], [point,circle], [glider]"
2414         );
2415     }
2416 
2417     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'normal');
2418     if (c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_LINE) {
2419         // Private point
2420         attrp = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, "normal", 'point');
2421         pp = board.create(
2422             "point",
2423             [
2424                 function () {
2425                     var p = Mat.crossProduct([1, 0, 0], c.stdform);
2426                     return [p[0], -p[2], p[1]];
2427                 }
2428             ],
2429             attrp
2430         );
2431         pp.isDraggable = true;
2432 
2433         l = board.create("line", [p, pp], attr);
2434 
2435         /**
2436          * A helper point used to create a normal to a {@link JXG.Line} object. For normals to circles or curves this
2437          * element is <tt>undefined</tt>.
2438          * @type JXG.Point
2439          * @name point
2440          * @memberOf Normal.prototype
2441          */
2442         l.point = pp;
2443         l.subs = {
2444             point: pp
2445         };
2446         l.inherits.push(pp);
2447     } else if (c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE) {
2448         l = board.create("line", [c.midpoint, p], attr);
2449     } else if (c.elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CURVE) {
2450         res = c.getTransformationSource();
2451         isTransformed = res[0];
2452         if (isTransformed) {
2453             // Curve is result of a transformation
2454             // We recursively collect all curves from which
2455             // the curve is transformed.
2456             slides.push(c);
2457             while (res[0] && Type.exists(res[1]._transformationSource)) {
2458                 slides.push(res[1]);
2459                 res = res[1].getTransformationSource();
2460             }
2461         }
2462 
2463         if (c.evalVisProp('curvetype') !== "plot" || isTransformed) {
2464             // Functiongraph or parametric curve or
2465             // transformed curve thereof.
2466             l = board.create(
2467                 "line",
2468                 [
2469                     function () {
2470                         var g = c.X,
2471                             f = c.Y,
2472                             df, dg,
2473                             li, i, c_org, invMat, po,
2474                             t;
2475 
2476                         if (p.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2477                             t = p.position;
2478                         } else if (c.evalVisProp('curvetype') === 'functiongraph') {
2479                             t = p.X();
2480                         } else {
2481                             t = Geometry.projectPointToCurve(p, c, board)[1];
2482                         }
2483 
2484                         // po are the coordinates of the point
2485                         // on the "original" curve. That is the curve or
2486                         // the original curve which is transformed (maybe multiple times)
2487                         // to this curve.
2488                         // t is the position of the point on the "original" curve
2489                         po = p.Coords(true);
2490                         if (isTransformed) {
2491                             c_org = slides[slides.length - 1]._transformationSource;
2492                             g = c_org.X;
2493                             f = c_org.Y;
2494                             for (i = 0; i < slides.length; i++) {
2495                                 slides[i].updateTransformMatrix();
2496                                 invMat = Mat.inverse(slides[i].transformMat);
2497                                 po = Mat.matVecMult(invMat, po);
2498                             }
2499 
2500                             if (p.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2501                                 po[1] /= po[0];
2502                                 po[2] /= po[0];
2503                                 po[0] /= po[0];
2504                                 t = Geometry.projectCoordsToCurve(po[1], po[2], 0, c_org, board)[1];
2505                             }
2506                         }
2507 
2508                         df = Numerics.D(f)(t);
2509                         dg = Numerics.D(g)(t);
2510                         li = [
2511                             -po[1] * dg - po[2] * df,
2512                             po[0] * dg,
2513                             po[0] * df
2514                         ];
2515 
2516                         if (isTransformed) {
2517                             // Transform the line to the transformed curve
2518                             for (i = slides.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
2519                                 invMat = Mat.transpose(Mat.inverse(slides[i].transformMat));
2520                                 li = Mat.matVecMult(invMat, li);
2521                             }
2522                         }
2523 
2524                         return li;
2525                     }
2526                 ],
2527                 attr
2528             );
2529         } else {
2530             // curveType 'plot': discrete data
2531             getCurveNormalDir = function (position, c, num) {
2532                 var i = Math.floor(position),
2533                     lbda,
2534                     p1, p2, t, A, B, C, D, dx, dy, d,
2535                     li, p_org, pp,
2536                     points, le;
2537 
2538 
2539                 if (c.bezierDegree === 1) {
2540                     if (i === c.numberPoints - 1) {
2541                         i--;
2542                     }
2543                     t = position;
2544                 } else if (c.bezierDegree === 3) {
2545                     // i is start of the Bezier segment
2546                     // t is the position in the Bezier segment
2547                     if (c.elType === 'sector') {
2548                         points = c.points.slice(3, c.numberPoints - 3);
2549                         le = points.length;
2550                     } else {
2551                         points = c.points;
2552                         le = points.length;
2553                     }
2554                     i = Math.floor((position * (le - 1)) / 3) * 3;
2555                     t = (position * (le - 1) - i) / 3;
2556                     if (i >= le - 1) {
2557                         i = le - 4;
2558                         t = 1;
2559                     }
2560                 } else {
2561                     return 0;
2562                 }
2563 
2564                 if (i < 0) {
2565                     return 1;
2566                 }
2567 
2568                 lbda = t - i;
2569                 if (c.bezierDegree === 1) {
2570                     p1 = c.points[i].usrCoords;
2571                     p2 = c.points[i + 1].usrCoords;
2572                     p_org = [
2573                         p1[0] + lbda * (p2[0] - p1[0]),
2574                         p1[1] + lbda * (p2[1] - p1[1]),
2575                         p1[2] + lbda * (p2[2] - p1[2])
2576                     ];
2577                     li = Mat.crossProduct(p1, p2);
2578                     pp = Mat.crossProduct([1, 0, 0], li);
2579                     pp = [pp[0], -pp[2], pp[1]];
2580                     li = Mat.crossProduct(p_org, pp);
2581 
2582                 } else {
2583                     A = points[i].usrCoords;
2584                     B = points[i + 1].usrCoords;
2585                     C = points[i + 2].usrCoords;
2586                     D = points[i + 3].usrCoords;
2587                     dx =
2588                         (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (B[1] - A[1]) +
2589                         2 * (1 - t) * t * (C[1] - B[1]) +
2590                         t * t * (D[1] - C[1]);
2591                     dy =
2592                         (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (B[2] - A[2]) +
2593                         2 * (1 - t) * t * (C[2] - B[2]) +
2594                         t * t * (D[2] - C[2]);
2595                     d = Mat.hypot(dx, dy);
2596                     dx /= d;
2597                     dy /= d;
2598                     p1 = p.coords.usrCoords;
2599                     p2 = [1, p1[1] - dy, p1[2] + dx];
2600 
2601                     li = [
2602                         p1[2] * p2[1] - p1[1] * p2[2],
2603                         p2[2] - p1[2],
2604                         p1[1] - p2[1]
2605                     ];
2606                 }
2607 
2608                 switch (num) {
2609                     case 0:
2610                         return li[0];
2611                     case 1:
2612                         return li[1];
2613                     case 2:
2614                         return li[2];
2615                     default:
2616                         return li;
2617                 }
2618             };
2619 
2620             l = board.create(
2621                 "line",
2622                 [
2623                     function () {
2624                         var t;
2625 
2626                         if (p.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_GLIDER) {
2627                             t = p.position;
2628                         } else {
2629                             t = Geometry.projectPointToCurve(p, c, board)[1];
2630                         }
2631 
2632                         return getCurveNormalDir(t, c);
2633                     }
2634                 ],
2635                 attr
2636             );
2637             p.addChild(l);
2638             l.glider = p;
2639         }
2640     } else if (c.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_TURTLE) {
2641         l = board.create(
2642             "line",
2643             [
2644                 function () {
2645                     var el,
2646                         j,
2647                         i = Math.floor(p.position),
2648                         lbda = p.position - i;
2649 
2650                     // run through all curves of this turtle
2651                     for (j = 0; j < c.objects.length; j++) {
2652                         el = c.objects[j];
2653 
2654                         if (el.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CURVE) {
2655                             if (i < el.numberPoints) {
2656                                 break;
2657                             }
2658 
2659                             i -= el.numberPoints;
2660                         }
2661                     }
2662 
2663                     if (i === el.numberPoints - 1) {
2664                         i -= 1;
2665                         lbda = 1;
2666                     }
2667 
2668                     if (i < 0) {
2669                         return 1;
2670                     }
2671 
2672                     return (
2673                         (el.Y(i) + lbda * (el.Y(i + 1) - el.Y(i))) * (el.Y(i) - el.Y(i + 1)) -
2674                         (el.X(i) + lbda * (el.X(i + 1) - el.X(i))) * (el.X(i + 1) - el.X(i))
2675                     );
2676                 },
2677                 function () {
2678                     var el,
2679                         j,
2680                         i = Math.floor(p.position);
2681 
2682                     // run through all curves of this turtle
2683                     for (j = 0; j < c.objects.length; j++) {
2684                         el = c.objects[j];
2685                         if (el.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CURVE) {
2686                             if (i < el.numberPoints) {
2687                                 break;
2688                             }
2689 
2690                             i -= el.numberPoints;
2691                         }
2692                     }
2693 
2694                     if (i === el.numberPoints - 1) {
2695                         i -= 1;
2696                     }
2697 
2698                     if (i < 0) {
2699                         return 0;
2700                     }
2701 
2702                     return el.X(i + 1) - el.X(i);
2703                 },
2704                 function () {
2705                     var el,
2706                         j,
2707                         i = Math.floor(p.position);
2708 
2709                     // run through all curves of this turtle
2710                     for (j = 0; j < c.objects.length; j++) {
2711                         el = c.objects[j];
2712                         if (el.type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CURVE) {
2713                             if (i < el.numberPoints) {
2714                                 break;
2715                             }
2716 
2717                             i -= el.numberPoints;
2718                         }
2719                     }
2720 
2721                     if (i === el.numberPoints - 1) {
2722                         i -= 1;
2723                     }
2724 
2725                     if (i < 0) {
2726                         return 0;
2727                     }
2728 
2729                     return el.Y(i + 1) - el.Y(i);
2730                 }
2731             ],
2732             attr
2733         );
2734     } else {
2735         throw new Error(
2736             "JSXGraph: Can't create normal with parent types '" +
2737             typeof parents[0] +
2738             "' and '" +
2739             typeof parents[1] +
2740             "'." +
2741             "\nPossible parent types: [point,line], [point,circle], [glider]"
2742         );
2743     }
2744 
2745     l.elType = 'normal';
2746     l.setParents(parents);
2747 
2748     if (Type.exists(p._is_new)) {
2749         l.addChild(p);
2750         delete p._is_new;
2751     } else {
2752         p.addChild(l);
2753     }
2754     c.addChild(l);
2755 
2756     return l;
2757 };
2758 
2759 /**
2760  * @class The radical axis is the line connecting the two interstion points of two circles with distinct centers.
2761  * The angular bisector of the polar lines of the circle centers with respect to the other circle is always the radical axis.
2762  * The radical axis passes through the intersection points when the circles intersect.
2763  * When a circle about the midpoint of circle centers, passing through the circle centers, intersects the circles, the polar lines pass through those intersection points.
2764  * @pseudo
2765  * @name RadicalAxis
2766  * @augments JXG.Line
2767  * @constructor
2768  * @type JXG.Line
2769  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
2770  * @param {JXG.Circle} circle one of the two respective circles.
2771  * @param {JXG.Circle} circle the other of the two respective circles.
2772  * @example
2773  * // Create the radical axis line with respect to two circles
2774  *   var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-5018d0d17a98', {boundingbox: [-1, 9, 9, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2775  *   var p1 = board.create('point', [2, 3]);
2776  *   var p2 = board.create('point', [1, 4]);
2777  *   var c1 = board.create('circle', [p1, p2]);
2778  *   var p3 = board.create('point', [6, 5]);
2779  *   var p4 = board.create('point', [8, 6]);
2780  *   var c2 = board.create('circle', [p3, p4]);
2781  *   var r1 = board.create('radicalaxis', [c1, c2]);
2782  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-5018d0d17a98" class="jxgbox" style="width:400px; height:400px;"></div>
2783  * <script type='text/javascript'>
2784  *   var rlex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-5018d0d17a98', {boundingbox: [-1, 9, 9, -1], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2785  *   var rlex1_p1 = rlex1_board.create('point', [2, 3]);
2786  *   var rlex1_p2 = rlex1_board.create('point', [1, 4]);
2787  *   var rlex1_c1 = rlex1_board.create('circle', [rlex1_p1, rlex1_p2]);
2788  *   var rlex1_p3 = rlex1_board.create('point', [6, 5]);
2789  *   var rlex1_p4 = rlex1_board.create('point', [8, 6]);
2790  *   var rlex1_c2 = rlex1_board.create('circle', [rlex1_p3, rlex1_p4]);
2791  *   var rlex1_r1 = rlex1_board.create('radicalaxis', [rlex1_c1, rlex1_c2]);
2792  * </script><pre>
2793  */
2794 JXG.createRadicalAxis = function (board, parents, attributes) {
2795     var el, el1, el2;
2796 
2797     if (
2798         parents.length !== 2 ||
2799         parents[0].elementClass !== Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE ||
2800         parents[1].elementClass !== Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE
2801     ) {
2802         // Failure
2803         throw new Error(
2804             "JSXGraph: Can't create 'radical axis' with parent types '" +
2805             typeof parents[0] +
2806             "' and '" +
2807             typeof parents[1] +
2808             "'." +
2809             "\nPossible parent type: [circle,circle]"
2810         );
2811     }
2812 
2813     el1 = board.select(parents[0]);
2814     el2 = board.select(parents[1]);
2815 
2816     el = board.create(
2817         "line",
2818         [
2819             function () {
2820                 var a = el1.stdform,
2821                     b = el2.stdform;
2822 
2823                 return Mat.matVecMult(Mat.transpose([a.slice(0, 3), b.slice(0, 3)]), [
2824                     b[3],
2825                     -a[3]
2826                 ]);
2827             }
2828         ],
2829         attributes
2830     );
2831 
2832     el.elType = 'radicalaxis';
2833     el.setParents([el1.id, el2.id]);
2834 
2835     el1.addChild(el);
2836     el2.addChild(el);
2837 
2838     return el;
2839 };
2840 
2841 /**
2842  * @class The polar line of a point with respect to a conic or a circle.
2843  * @pseudo
2844  * @description The polar line is the unique reciprocal relationship of a point with respect to a conic.
2845  * The lines through the intersections of a conic and the polar line of a point
2846  * with respect to that conic and through that point are tangent to the conic.
2847  * A point on a conic has the polar line of that point with respect to that
2848  * conic as the tangent line to that conic at that point.
2849  * See {@link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_and_polar} for more information on pole and polar.
2850  * @name PolarLine
2851  * @augments JXG.Line
2852  * @constructor
2853  * @type JXG.Line
2854  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
2855  * @param {JXG.Conic,JXG.Circle_JXG.Point} el1,el2 or
2856  * @param {JXG.Point_JXG.Conic,JXG.Circle} el1,el2 The result will be the polar line of the point with respect to the conic or the circle.
2857  * @example
2858  * // Create the polar line of a point with respect to a conic
2859  * var p1 = board.create('point', [-1, 2]);
2860  * var p2 = board.create('point', [ 1, 4]);
2861  * var p3 = board.create('point', [-1,-2]);
2862  * var p4 = board.create('point', [ 0, 0]);
2863  * var p5 = board.create('point', [ 4,-2]);
2864  * var c1 = board.create('conic',[p1,p2,p3,p4,p5]);
2865  * var p6 = board.create('point', [-1, 1]);
2866  * var l1 = board.create('polarline', [c1, p6]);
2867  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-6018d0d17a98" class="jxgbox" style="width:400px; height:400px;"></div>
2868  * <script type='text/javascript'>
2869  * var plex1_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-6018d0d17a98', {boundingbox: [-3, 5, 5, -3], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2870  * var plex1_p1 = plex1_board.create('point', [-1, 2]);
2871  * var plex1_p2 = plex1_board.create('point', [ 1, 4]);
2872  * var plex1_p3 = plex1_board.create('point', [-1,-2]);
2873  * var plex1_p4 = plex1_board.create('point', [ 0, 0]);
2874  * var plex1_p5 = plex1_board.create('point', [ 4,-2]);
2875  * var plex1_c1 = plex1_board.create('conic',[plex1_p1,plex1_p2,plex1_p3,plex1_p4,plex1_p5]);
2876  * var plex1_p6 = plex1_board.create('point', [-1, 1]);
2877  * var plex1_l1 = plex1_board.create('polarline', [plex1_c1, plex1_p6]);
2878  * </script><pre>
2879  * @example
2880  * // Create the polar line of a point with respect to a circle.
2881  * var p1 = board.create('point', [ 1, 1]);
2882  * var p2 = board.create('point', [ 2, 3]);
2883  * var c1 = board.create('circle',[p1,p2]);
2884  * var p3 = board.create('point', [ 6, 6]);
2885  * var l1 = board.create('polarline', [c1, p3]);
2886  * </pre><div class="jxgbox" id="JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-7018d0d17a98" class="jxgbox" style="width:400px; height:400px;"></div>
2887  * <script type='text/javascript'>
2888  * var plex2_board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG7b7233a0-f363-47dd-9df5-7018d0d17a98', {boundingbox: [-3, 7, 7, -3], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2889  * var plex2_p1 = plex2_board.create('point', [ 1, 1]);
2890  * var plex2_p2 = plex2_board.create('point', [ 2, 3]);
2891  * var plex2_c1 = plex2_board.create('circle',[plex2_p1,plex2_p2]);
2892  * var plex2_p3 = plex2_board.create('point', [ 6, 6]);
2893  * var plex2_l1 = plex2_board.create('polarline', [plex2_c1, plex2_p3]);
2894  * </script><pre>
2895  */
2896 JXG.createPolarLine = function (board, parents, attributes) {
2897     var el,
2898         el1,
2899         el2,
2900         firstParentIsConic,
2901         secondParentIsConic,
2902         firstParentIsPoint,
2903         secondParentIsPoint;
2904 
2905     if (parents.length > 1) {
2906         firstParentIsConic =
2907             parents[0].type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CONIC ||
2908             parents[0].elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE;
2909         secondParentIsConic =
2910             parents[1].type === Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CONIC ||
2911             parents[1].elementClass === Const.OBJECT_CLASS_CIRCLE;
2912 
2913         firstParentIsPoint = Type.isPoint(parents[0]);
2914         secondParentIsPoint = Type.isPoint(parents[1]);
2915     }
2916 
2917     if (
2918         parents.length !== 2 ||
2919         !(
2920             (firstParentIsConic && secondParentIsPoint) ||
2921             (firstParentIsPoint && secondParentIsConic)
2922         )
2923     ) {
2924         // Failure
2925         throw new Error(
2926             "JSXGraph: Can't create 'polar line' with parent types '" +
2927             typeof parents[0] +
2928             "' and '" +
2929             typeof parents[1] +
2930             "'." +
2931             "\nPossible parent type: [conic|circle,point], [point,conic|circle]"
2932         );
2933     }
2934 
2935     if (secondParentIsPoint) {
2936         el1 = board.select(parents[0]);
2937         el2 = board.select(parents[1]);
2938     } else {
2939         el1 = board.select(parents[1]);
2940         el2 = board.select(parents[0]);
2941     }
2942 
2943     // Polar lines have been already provided in the tangent element.
2944     el = board.create("tangent", [el1, el2], attributes);
2945 
2946     el.elType = 'polarline';
2947     return el;
2948 };
2949 
2950 /**
2951  *
2952  * @class One of the two tangent lines to a conic or a circle through an external point.
2953  * @pseudo
2954  * @description Construct the tangent line through a point to a conic or a circle. There will be either two, one or no
2955  * such tangent, depending if the point is outside of the conic, on the conic, or inside of the conic.
2956  * Similar to the intersection of a line with a circle, the specific tangent can be chosen with a third (optional) parameter
2957  * <i>number</i>.
2958  * <p>
2959  * Attention: from a technical point of view, the point from which the tangent to the conic/circle is constructed is not an element of
2960  * the tangent line.
2961  * @name TangentTo
2962  * @augments JXG.Line
2963  * @constructor
2964  * @type JXG.Line
2965  * @throws {Exception} If the element cannot be constructed with the given parent objects an exception is thrown.
2966  * @param {JXG.Conic,JXG.Circle_JXG.Point_Number} conic,point,[number=0] The result will be the tangent line through
2967  * the point with respect to the conic or circle.
2968  *
2969  * @example
2970  *  var c = board.create('circle', [[3, 0], [3, 4]]);
2971  *  var p = board.create('point', [0, 6]);
2972  *  var t0 = board.create('tangentto', [c, p, 0], { color: 'black', polar: {visible: true}, point: {visible: true} });
2973  *  var t1 = board.create('tangentto', [c, p, 1], { color: 'black' });
2974  *
2975  * </pre><div id="JXGd4b359c7-3a29-44c3-a19d-d51b42a00c8b" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
2976  * <script type="text/javascript">
2977  *     (function() {
2978  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXGd4b359c7-3a29-44c3-a19d-d51b42a00c8b',
2979  *             {boundingbox: [-8, 8, 8,-8], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
2980  *             var c = board.create('circle', [[3, 0], [3, 4]]);
2981  *             var p = board.create('point', [0, 6]);
2982  *             var t0 = board.create('tangentto', [c, p, 0], { color: 'black', polar: {visible: true}, point: {visible: true} });
2983  *             var t1 = board.create('tangentto', [c, p, 1], { color: 'black' });
2984  *
2985  *     })();
2986  *
2987  * </script><pre>
2988  *
2989  * @example
2990  *  var p = board.create('point', [0, 6]);
2991  *  var ell = board.create('ellipse', [[-5, 1], [-2, -1], [-3, 2]]);
2992  *  var t0 = board.create('tangentto', [ell, p, 0]);
2993  *  var t1 = board.create('tangentto', [ell, p, 1]);
2994  *
2995  * </pre><div id="JXG6e625663-1c3e-4e08-a9df-574972a374e8" class="jxgbox" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"></div>
2996  * <script type="text/javascript">
2997  *     (function() {
2998  *         var board = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('JXG6e625663-1c3e-4e08-a9df-574972a374e8',
2999  *             {boundingbox: [-8, 8, 8,-8], axis: true, showcopyright: false, shownavigation: false});
3000  *             var p = board.create('point', [0, 6]);
3001  *             var ell = board.create('ellipse', [[-5, 1], [-2, -1], [-3, 2]]);
3002  *             var t0 = board.create('tangentto', [ell, p, 0]);
3003  *             var t1 = board.create('tangentto', [ell, p, 1]);
3004  *
3005  *     })();
3006  *
3007  * </script><pre>
3008  *
3009  */
3010 JXG.createTangentTo = function (board, parents, attributes) {
3011     var el, attr,
3012         conic, pointFrom, num,
3013         intersect, polar;
3014 
3015     conic = board.select(parents[0]);
3016     pointFrom = Type.providePoints(board, parents[1], attributes, 'point')[0];
3017     num = Type.def(parents[2], 0);
3018 
3019     if (
3020         (conic.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CIRCLE && conic.type !== Const.OBJECT_TYPE_CONIC) ||
3021         (pointFrom.elementClass !== Const.OBJECT_CLASS_POINT)
3022     ) {
3023         throw new Error(
3024             "JSXGraph: Can't create tangentto with parent types '" +
3025             typeof parents[0] +
3026             "' and '" +
3027             typeof parents[1] +
3028             "' and '" +
3029             typeof parents[2] +
3030             "'." +
3031             "\nPossible parent types: [circle|conic,point,number]"
3032         );
3033     }
3034 
3035     attr = Type.copyAttributes(attributes, board.options, 'tangentto');
3036     // A direct analytic geometry approach would be in
3037     // Richter-Gebert: Perspectives on projective geometry, 11.3
3038     polar = board.create('polar', [conic, pointFrom], attr.polar);
3039     intersect = board.create('intersection', [polar, conic, num], attr.point);
3040 
3041     el = board.create('tangent', [conic, intersect], attr);
3042 
3043     /**
3044      * The intersection point of the conic/circle with the polar line of the tangentto construction.
3045      * @memberOf TangentTo.prototype
3046      * @name point
3047      * @type JXG.Point
3048      */
3049     el.point = intersect;
3050 
3051     /**
3052      * The polar line of the tangentto construction.
3053      * @memberOf TangentTo.prototype
3054      * @name polar
3055      * @type JXG.Line
3056      */
3057     el.polar = polar;
3058 
3059     el.elType = 'tangentto';
3060 
3061     return el;
3062 };
3063 
3064 /**
3065  * Register the element type tangent at JSXGraph
3066  * @private
3067  */
3068 JXG.registerElement("tangent", JXG.createTangent);
3069 JXG.registerElement("normal", JXG.createNormal);
3070 JXG.registerElement('tangentto', JXG.createTangentTo);
3071 JXG.registerElement("polar", JXG.createTangent);
3072 JXG.registerElement("radicalaxis", JXG.createRadicalAxis);
3073 JXG.registerElement("polarline", JXG.createPolarLine);
3074 
3075 export default JXG.Line;
3076 // export default {
3077 //     Line: JXG.Line,
3078 //     createLine: JXG.createLine,
3079 //     createTangent: JXG.createTangent,
3080 //     createPolar: JXG.createTangent,
3081 //     createSegment: JXG.createSegment,
3082 //     createAxis: JXG.createAxis,
3083 //     createArrow: JXG.createArrow,
3084 //     createRadicalAxis: JXG.createRadicalAxis,
3085 //     createPolarLine: JXG.createPolarLine
3086 // };
3087